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The current volume is 


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS 


OF 


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 
OF NATURAL HISTORY 


VO est ePART VI 


ARCHA-OLOGY OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY, 
BY 


_GEORGE F, WILL. 


STORY AY 
—re AS 





AMERICAN MUSEUM PRESS 
NEW YORK 
1924 


ARCHAOLOGY OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY. 
By GrorGce F. WILL. 








CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

INTRODUCTION é : : : : ; ; ; d ; ee aL 
ARCH HOLOGICAL Preys. : : : : : ; : : ; ; . 293 
Boulder Effigies . : : : : : : : é : : ; bee 2G 
Tipi Rings. ; s ; 7 Sahat tae ate oS ee st es 
Mounds . , f : : : : : ; r ; ; 3 . 294 
Miscellaneous Rea tires F ; ; ; = f ; : ’ ? 31-295 
Natural Objects of Veneration . Mactty : igs ae OTS SF 
Village Sites . : ’ : ; . : : : ; : ‘ : ao0l 
VILLAGE Sites LocaTED . ; , : . : ; : ; ; ao 
Grand River Arikara Sites” : : : , ; ‘ : ; ¢ pr olt) 
Cheyenne Site at Farm School . ; i f : : : : ; welt 
Blackfoot Creek Site . : Spee ints var : : re OLE 
Slob Town and Porcupine Grek Ghaveline Site : : ASA gt eA okt 
Buffalo Corral Site : : . 3 : : A ‘ ; : . ey be 
Cannonball Site . ; ; . . : : : : : : . ee) PY 
Old Site not Visited . ; : Roe ; : : : ; : ole 
Fort Rice Site ; 3 E : ; : : ; ‘ : : ‘ Sieh 
Glencoe and Livona Sites . 3 : , : : ; é ‘ : . OLE 
Huff Site ; : , : ; : ; ; : ‘ : i : S015 
Eagle’s Nose Site . : Pe ees : : RST Se Pe te Rte ar st 
Holbrook Site. —.. ; : : ay : : § : ; - eols 
Bad or Red Water Site ne : : : , A é : ; : me Ola 
Fort Lincoln Site . ¢ : ; : ‘ é : : : ; ees ke 
Motsiff Site . : : ‘ : ; ‘ ; : ‘ : , ; ogi 
PME RSI: eg Pe et Oh gE es a a eS 
Ward Site. ; : : : : : : ‘ ; : ; : eres ee 
Sperry Site .. ; ame ; : : Virarer ree. SG eet 3 ES) 
Boley Site .. 2 oe Fei ee eee 315 
Otter Creek Site . : : ; : ; : : 3 re a é eo ol5 
Burgois Site . ; : : ‘ : , : Prater ‘ - : =F Ley 
Larson Site . : : . : : ; . ; : : F ; co LG 
Molander Site ; : ; : : : , ; , : F ; ede d a 
Pretty Point Site . : : : ; : : : 7 . ~ : oe OL 
Smith Site. F ; 2 : p ; : : 2 : ; , sae O19 
Lower Sanger Site 2, Poth eee he PERE a OMe Une Creer) ini vant. Sg a RE 
Upper Sanger Site : : : : : : : Le Se ae Rieti LG 
SERED err neraks cs Pe ee YS Me aoe Se a oak 
Greenshield Site . . q : ; ; ; : . : : s an AL 
Hensler Site . : ; : : ; : ; ? : ; é 2 soos 


Mandan Lake Sites. ; : F ; ; : 2 : : 5 . 3223 
Fort Clark Station Site : : wad ota rs f m ae , Pena 
Old Fort Clark Site. SE RGA air) Sah EPR RE Teen ROE AT I od ere Pa ak 
Fort Mandan Site : : : : : . A ; : : ‘ . 323 
Deapolis Site igen or at ie Banking ct hocghee, (eth ee we see ae) 
Small Site recently Obliterated Flaite kte wena 7) Deb tealk aig ab ta Mey i aaa ements 


287 


288 


Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. 


Amahami Site 

Lower Hidatsa Site 
Big Hidatsa Site . 
Energy Site 
Mannhaven Site . 
Rock Village Site . 
Last Arikara Sites : 
Old Fort Berthold Site 
Bad Lands Site 
Elbowoods Site 

Inland Sites . 
Steinbrueck’s List . 


SURVEY OF VILLAGE SITES IN 1919 


Cannonball Site 

Fort Rice Site 

Shermer Site . 

Glencoe Site . 

Huff Site 

Holbrook Site. 

Eagle’s Nose Site . 

Bad Water Site 

Fort Lincoln Site . 

Motsiff Site : : : 
The Scattered Village Site . 
Ward Site . ; 
Sperry Site 

Boley Site 

Burgois Site . 


CONCLUSION . 


[Vol. XXII, 


PAGE. 
323 
324 
325 
325 
325 
326 
326 
326 
326 
326 
327 
Son 
334 
334 
335 
335 
335 
336 
338 
338 
339 
339 
339 | 
339 
339 
341 
341 
341 
341 


SA et Hr ee Bat 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Text FIGURES. 


Fort Abraham Lincoln Mandan Site (No. 2). 
Boley Mandan Site (No. 20) 


- Map of Molander Site from St. Baal eihier rasa: AR 1883 (No. 25) 


Molander Site (No. 25) 

Lower Sanger Site (No. 8) 

Upper Sanger Site (No. 9) . 

Greenshield Site (No. 28), probably eae tke 

Mandan Lake Sites (No. 29). 3 

Upper Portion of Second Knife River ida Bie (No. 33) 

Lower Portion of Second Knife River Site, Hidatsa (No. 34) . 

Shermer Site (No. 37) showing Detail of Wall and Ditch of Palisaded Blut 
Huff Mandan Site (No. 18) } ; ; ; : ; 
Motsiff Mandan Site (No. 8) 

Archeological Sites along the Sas neers 


289 


PAGE. 
314 
316 
one 
318 
319 
320 
ool 
one 
324 
325 
336 
Bot 
340 
344 


INTRODUCTION. 


The purpose of this paper is to give a general view of the archeology 
of the Missouri Valley in northern South Dakota and in North Dakota 
and*of the drainage on either side of the valley which is locally known 
as the ‘Missouri slope’. Within this area a field is presented for a large 
amount of valuable archeological work that should be accomplished in 
the near future. 

Up to the present the undertakings in this field have been very few. 
Most of them were in the nature of preliminary surveys and there has 
been no attempt at systematization. One of the first of these under- 
takings was begun about 1900 by Mr. J. V. Brower of the Minnesota 
Historical Society, assisted by Mr. E. R. Steinbrueck of Mandan, North 
Dakota. Some of the sites within the area were explored, but the work 
was principally confined to the collection of artifacts. 

Soon after this time, the North Dakota Historical Society was 
organized, and Mr. Steinbrueck was engaged in archeological field- 
work in behalf of that body for several years. In the course of these 
years, many valuable specimens were collected, some maps were made, a 
large number of sites were located, and a considerable mass of notes 
taken. No detailed exploration of any single site was made, however, 
and none of the notes taken have been published. 

For several years after Mr. Steinbrueck severed his connection with 
the North Dakota Historical Society, that organization carried on some 
further work. These undertakings included the mapping of some five 
of the old village sites, the maps being published in the society’s reports; 
and in conducting a party of the older Indians along the river, to learn 
what they could tell of the old villages. No report on this last work 
has been printed. In recent years, the State society has become the 
owner of several of the more notable village sites, but up to the present 
no systematic excavation and study has been done. 

In the summer of 1905 the Peabody Museum of Harvard University 
sent out an expedition which did a considerable amount of connected 
work upon one of the old Mandan village sites, the Burgois or Double 
Ditch site. The results of this work were printed. 

In 1911, in company with Dr. H. J. Spinden, then of the American 
Museum of Natural History, the writer spent a month along the Mis- 
souri, locating village sites and other points of archeological interest. 
The information obtained on that occasion will be embodied in the 
present paper, together with such observations as have been made during 





IWill, George F. and Spinden, Herbert J., ‘‘The Mandans: A Study of Their Culture, Archeology, 
and Language’’ (Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archxology and Ethnology, vol. 3, no. 4, 
Cambridge, 1906). 


291 


292 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


various trips along the Missouri and through the country back from the 
river, on several visits to the Fort Berthold Reservation, and such facts 
as have been elicited in conversations on the subject with a number of 
individuals. 

In the fall of 1919, with Dr. Spinden, some ten days were spent in a 
rather careful survey of the sites below Heart River. Several maps were 
made and small collections of pottery and other artifacts were taken from 
the various sites. New material obtained at this time is included in or 
appended to this paper. 

The drawings are all the work of Dr. H. J. Spinden, who also assisted 
in much of the work involved in the preparation of this paper. 

Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore of the North Dakota Historical Society and 
Mr. George E. Hyde of Omaha, Nebraska, have read the manuscript 
and assisted with advice and comment. Notes, embodying the comments 
of both of these men, will be found appended on many of the pages. 


ARCHAOLOGICAL FEATURES. 


The objects and sites of archeological interest occurring in the upper 
Missouri area may be roughly divided into five classes :— 

1. Boulder effigies. . ; 

2. ‘Tipi rings. 

3. Mounds, distinct from those of the village sites. 

4. Miscellaneous: cairns of various sorts; commemorative marks; 
eagle-pits; sacred and traditional sites; various sacred natural objects; 
and burial sites. 

5. Old village sites. 

Some of these classes are but poorly represented in this region, the village 
sites, in point of numbers, of relative importance and interest, standing 
far above any of the others. . 

Boulder Effigies. Boulder effigies have been generally described by 
Thomas, who gives a number of instances of their occurrence further south. 
They are attributed to the Dakota, or Sioux, and one would naturally 
expect to find them of frequent occurrence in the trans-Missouri 
country, the home of this people during the last century and a half. Up 
to the present, however, only two boulder effigies have been noted in 
this region, west of the Missouri, both apparently depicting turtles.! 

One of these was found on a low hill on the south side of the Cave 
Hills, in South Dakota, just south of the state line.? 

The other effigy was found in Oliver County, North Dakota, by a 
party sent out by the State Historical Society. This effigy was carefully 
taken up and placed in the State Capitol grounds, at Bismarck, where it 
may now be seen. It is described in the society’s reports.? 

Tipit Rings. Tipi rings occur with considerable frequency over 
all of this area, sometimes large numbers together, but often only one 
or twoina place. There are two forms of the tipi rng—that marked by a 
circular depression in the sod, and the other form made up of a circle of 
small boulders, which are supposed to have been used for holding down 
the edges of the tipi. The latter is the most common, as the rings formed 











1Since the effigies in Wisconsin and eastern Jowa are generally attributed to the peoples of the 
Winnebago group, in which were included the Oto, Iowa, and, by some, the Mandan, all of which 
tribes are supposed to have migrated westward through the region in which most of the boulder effigies 
occur, there weuld seem to be less reason for supposing that these effigies were the works of the Dakota, 
who do not appear to have been effigy-builders in their old home on the upper Mississippi, than for 
assuming these works to be the outcome of an attempt on the part of the peoples of the old Winnebago 
group to continue during their westward migration their old custom of efiigy-building, the use of boulders 


instead of earth in this work being the result of the less settled life they led after they began their move- 


ment toward the Missouri.—George EH. Hyde. 

2Will, George F., ‘‘Some Observations made in Northwestern South Dakota’”’ (American Anthro- 
pologist, N. S., vol. 11, pp. 257-265, 1909), 262-263. 

3See Reports of the North Dakota Historical Society, vol. II, 685. 


293 


294 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXII, 


by cutting out the sod and banking it up against the sides of the tent are 
much sooner effaced. 

It is possible that a curious group of depressions, described in a 
previous paper,! belongs to the tipi ring group. This site consists of some 
thirty or forty rings on a hill, thé rings being from six to ten feet in 
diameter—rather small for tipi rings, but possibly representing an exca- 
vation for some purpose within the tipi.’ 

Mounds. The Upper Missouri valley is not rich in mounds aside 
from those which occur in connection with the village sites. Further to 
the north and east, the mounds are of more frequent occurrence. A 
number of mounds resembling very closely those across the border in 
Manitoba (attributed to the Assiniboin), occur along the Mouse River, 
in North Dakota.’ Further south, the North Dakota Historical Society 
has located a number of similar mounds on the upper waters of James. 
River, and mounds of a similar character have been reported on the 
Cheyenne River, near Valley City, North Dakota, and in the Coteau du 
Missouri near Streeter, North Dakota.‘ 

Along the Missouri, however, the only mounds of this nature so far 
reported are on the banks of Apple Creek, near Bismarck, North Dakota. 
These have been described in a previous paper.> Some of these mounds 
recall certain of the Wisconsin mounds in size and shape. — 

One other mound form might be mentioned here, for, although it 
occurs, so far as known, only in connection with a village site, it appears. 


to be independent of the actual village remains. The only example of 


this type so far investigated occurs in conjunction with an old village, 
considered as Mandan by the Dakota, located on the south bank of 
Cannonball River and not far from its mouth. This mound, designated 





1Will, G. F., ‘‘Some New Missouri River Valley Sites in North Dakota,” (American Anthropologist, 
N.S., vol. 12, 58-60, 1910), 60. ; 

2The Cheyenne traditions state that the lodges their people made when they lived east of the 
Missouri were very small. They describe several types of lodges used at different periods, most of which 
appear to be merely variants of a common form. In the earlier period, they lived near a lake in a tall- 
grass country and made small lodges of poles covered with mats; in winter, they made large bundles 
of long grass and piled them up around the edge of the lodge for warmth. Later, when we may assume, 
they moved into the short-grass plains of eastern North Dakota, they speak of making similar small 
lodges, covered with skins, and as they had no tall-grass to make into bundles and pile up around the 
walls of the lodge in winter, the natural thing for them to have done would have been to excavate and 
pile up the sod around the lodge. They speak of living in ‘dug-outs,’ which they do not describe in 
detail, but the term would fit well a small lodge with the floor excavated and the sod piled up against the 
wall outside to give warmth. These lodges were all very small, such as could be transported by dogs.— 
George E. Hyde. 

2Thomas mentions similar mounds on Red River, from Grand Forks northward, and Professor 
Montgomery informed him that the same type of mound is found in Benson, Ramsey, and Walsh 
counties, North Dakota, which would seem to form a more or less defined line of these mounds from 
Grand Forks to the Mouse River. See Thomas, Cyrus, ‘“‘Report on the Mound Explorations of the 
Bureau of Ethnology” (Twelfth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1894). 

4Will, George F., ‘“An Unusual Group of Mounds in North Dakota” (American Anthropologist, 
N.S., vol. 23, pp. 175-179, 1921), 175. 

5‘ A New Feature in the Archeology of the Missouri Valley”? (American Anthropologist, N.S., vol. 
13, 585-588, 1911). 


ae 


Ps, 


1924. ] Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 295 


as a sun mound by the Dakota, was opened and partially excavated by 
the North Dakota Historical Society in the summer of 1915. No report 
on the operations has been printed, but it is known that several interest- 
ing finds were made. So far as can be gathered from the rather hazy 
answers to questions asked of several Mandan, such mounds were fre- 
quently built near Mandan villages and had some deep religious signifi- 
cance not yet definitely revealed. A similar low mound was pointed out 
near the old Fort Berthold village site. 

Miscellaneous Features. Of the miscellaneous features of arche- 
ological interest there are many within this area. Cairns of rock 
occur frequently and are apparently of several classes. In the region 
west of the Missouri and extending to the Bad Lands, large rock cairns 
are frequently noticed on the tops of many of the highest hills or buttes. 
Several of these have been described in a previous paper.2. They were 
probably built by the Dakota, some of whom say that they mark points 
whence good water can be seen. 

Another type of cairn, not so frequently seen, appears to be com- 
memorative in its nature. The only one of these definitely described 
occurs on the edge of the lower village site near Sanger, North Dakota. 
Mr. Sanger, the first settler in the vicinity, tells of visiting the village site 
in company with several Indians of the Fort Berthold Reservation. 
As they went along, each Indian picked up a small stone and when the 
party reached the cairn each individual carefully placed his stone on the 
pile. The Indians told Mr. Sanger that they did this in memory of their 
ancestors who formerly lived there. 

Still another type of cairn occurs occasionally on the hills in the 
neighborhood of the old village sites. These are smaller and less con- 
spicuous and are unquestionably the ‘minaki’ or individual piles of 
stones so frequently mentioned by the Mandan as being erected by young 
men at their places of vigil.’ 

Although not exactly a cairn, we will here include a most unusual 
object which occurs on the top and about at the center of a medium high 
hill of some length, about four or five miles west of the Missouri and west 
of the Square Buttes, in Oliver County, North Dakota. This is known 
locally as Ring Hill. It consists of a circular wall of stones, some 15 to: - 


1] have had some suggestions from Indian sources which seem to hint that this mound at Cannonball 
may have been an ‘astronomical observatory’’ by which the times of equinox and solstice were deter- 
mined. —M. R. Gilmore. 

““Some Observations made in Northwestern South Dakota’’ (American Anthropologist, N. 8., vol. 
BM, O57. 265, 1909). 
’The Omaha made commemorative marks at their places of vigil by denuding a circular spot of 
turf, which clearing they re-visited and re-cleared every year. I have seen such circular cleared marks. 
of individuals of the Omaha kept as late as 1906.—M. R. Gilmore. 


296 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. XXII, 


20 feet in diameter, and of a present height of about 3 to 4 feet. The 


interior is roughly paved with boulders. There is a similarly paved walk 
or approach, from the south, some 30 to 40 feet long and 3 or 4 feet wide, 
widening toward the ring and terminating against the wall in what may 
have been a rough step. There appear to be several figures traced out in 
boulders and leading out from the circular wall, but this point could not 
be definitely determined, as the top of the hill is so thickly strewn 
with small natural boulders. It is certainly a very unusual work, and, 
so far as can be determined, there is but one explanation of its purpose. 
This occurs in the account Alexander Henry has left us of his journey to 
the Cheyenne village with the Gros Ventre and Mandan. He states that 
a certain hill, some distance south of Fort Clark, and apparently in the 
same vicinity as Ring Hill, was considered very sacred by the Indians. 
Here the expedition halted for some hours, while all the people sang and 
prayed and the medicinemen went through certain ceremonies. He 
makes no mention of any structure on the hill. If his account is not a 
reference to the Ring Hill site, all that may be stated is that, so far, no 
information at all concerning this site has been collected. 

An interesting commemorative feature has come to light recently. 
On the level plain to the northeast of the old Fort Berthold village, and 
very close to it, may be seen a number of huge hoof marks, each two feet 
across, and formed by the complete excavation of the sod in the figure of 
a horse’s hoof. These hoof marks form a regular trail which starts near 
the village and proceeds about 150 yards to a point marked by a larger 
excavation, then returns, on a more southerly line, for about the same 
distance toward the village. Inquiry among the Indians elicited the 
story of these curious marks. 

We quote here Dr. Gilmore’s account :— 


There exists a monument to the memory of a Mandan hero which has never 
before been described and published. The following account is from information 
given by several persons of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara tribes. The location 
of the monument is near the site of ‘“ Fish-hook Village” on the north side of the Mis- 
souri River some twelve or fifteen miles east of Elbowoods. 

During the middle part of the 19th century the three tribes, Arikara, Hidatsa 
and Mandan, lived together in alliance against their common enemies. Their 





1Possibly a ceremonial pound for calling the buffalo. George Bent told me that when the Cheyenne 
were all on foot in early times they often had difficulty in getting near the buffalo, and there were 
medicinemen whose special duty it was to call the buffalo near the camp by means of ceremonies. He 
believed they built a ceremonial buffalo pound, with wings or walks extending out from the enclosure. 
These pounds were not for actual use, but for ceremonial purposes only. 

_. Dr. A. J. Comfort describes a hill on the road between Fort Wadsworth and Fort Stevenson, with 
sides paved with buffalo leg bones; from this central paved area walks or paths formed of similar leg 
bones led out for several hundred feet in different directions. [‘‘ Mounds near Fort Wadsworth, Dakota 
Territory” (Smithsonian Report for 1871, 389-402, Washington, 1873), 398.] George Bent thought this 
arrangement of buffalo leg bones might be one of the old ceremonial figures, intended to represent a 
pound, and used by the medicinemen in attracting the herds.—George E. Hyde. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archxology. 297 


chief enemies were the Dakota. So these three tribes built their three villages adjoin- 
ing, making one compound village of three wards. The village lay upon a well- 
drained terrace of the Missouri River, while their farms were laid out in the fertile 
alluvial “bottom” along the river both above and below the village. To the north 
of the village site hes a range of hills. 

The enemy many times made raids upon the village. They would approach 
_ under cover of the hills to the north and then steal close upon the village through 
the course of a ravine which skirted the northeast and north sides of the village. 

About sixty-six years ago such an attack was made by a war party of Dakota. 
Of the defenders of the village, two young Mandans, brothers, named Lefthand and 
Redleaf, had been dismounted and their retreat cut off by the enemy. A brother of 
these two, Whitecrow by name, saw the danger of Lefthand and Redleaf and rode 
out to their assistance. Lefthand was killed and Redleaf was defending the body 
from a Dakota who was trying to take the scalp. Redleaf shot at the Dakota 
and missed him, the bullet going over the enemy’s head and striking into the ground 
beyond him, the enemy being crouched low at the time of the shot. Whitecrow rode 
in a circuit beyond these combatants and held off the attacking party of the enemy. 
He killed the Dakota who was engaged in combat with his brother Redleaf. Then 
Whitecrow picked up Redleaf upon the horse with himself and carried him safely 
back to the village. . 

After the enemy had been driven away the Mandans went out and marked the 
course in which Whitecrow had ridden to his brother’s rescue, the spot where Left- 
hand had been killed, the spot where Redleaf had made his stand, the spot where the 
Dakota was killed, and the spot where Redleaf’s bullet, fired at the Dakota, had 
struck into the ground. The method used for marking these places was by removal 
of the sod, leaving holes in the ground. To mark the course of Whitecrow’s horse the 
sod was removed in horsetrack shaped sections consecutively from the point of 
advance from the village round the place of combat and returning to the village. The 
horsetrack marks were made about two feet in diameter. All these marks com- 
memorating the entire action, which took place about the year 1853 are still plainly 
evident, being renewed whenever they tend to become obliterated by weathering and 
by advancing vegetation. March 26, 1919. 


The making of these commemorative marks in honor of this man 
had a ridiculous sequel. On a drive with an Indian along the old trail, 
from the south side of the Missouri near Elbowoods to Hebron, North 
Dakota, about ten miles south of the river, my attention was directed 
to a pile of stones on a low knoll, not more than forty yards from the 
road. On closer examination a line of stones, spaced about three feet 
apart, was seen, leading up to the heap of stones. This seemed to bear the 
ear-marks of an interesting archeological find. Then came the story. . 

It seems that the hero of the episode at the Fort Berthold village had 
a brother of less renown than himself. Many years ago, as this man was 
traveling along the trail, he observed an antelope at the point now marked 
by the pile of stones. The animal was lying down; the range was 
ridiculously short. The man stopped, seized his gun, and fired; but the 


298 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXII, 


antelope continued to recline calmly on his knoll. Several more shots 
were fired with the same result; and then, to the Indian’s chagrin, the 
antelope, perhaps finding the vicinity too noisy for a sound nap, arose 
and walked away.. In some way this affair became known, and the young 
men of the reservation carefully placed the stones where they now are 
to be seen, as commemorative marks, in imitation of the hoof marks_ 
made in honor of the more famous brother. Often did the butt of this 
bit of Indian humor remove and scatter the stones; but just as often 
were they carefully replaced by the young men, and now they will prob- 
ably remain undisturbed for many years. 

Widespread throughout the region—along the bluffs of the Missouri 
and its tributaries, in the Bad Lands and among the scattered hills and 
buttes—are old eagle pits, wherein the eagle hunters concealed themselves 
under a covering screen of sticks and sod upon which was laid a bait of 
meat. Here the hunters seized the eagles by the legs, as they came to feed, 
and plucked their highly esteemed tail feathers. Usually a litter of small 
sticks in the bottom of the pit marks the remains of the covering screen. 

For the reason that all of the Siouan tribes of this region used the 
tree or scaffold method of burial, there are few graves to be found, except 
in the immediate vicinity of old Arikara village sites. This people 
always buried their dead in the ground. 

One unusual burial has, however, been observed. This has been 
described in a previous paper;! and occurs near the unusual mounds above 
mentioned, on a point of a high bluff overlooking Apple Creek from the 
south. Apparently a number of individuals were here buried in a very 
small area. 

Another unusual feature in the region are the carvings on the walls 
of the entrance chamber to the large cave in Cave Hills, South Dakota. 
These carvings are very numerous and rather elaborate; but as they are 
done in very soft sandstone many of them have disappeared. They are 
described with illustrations in a previous paper.2. As the Cave Hills 
country was frequented as a hunting ground by both the Village Indians 
and the Dakota, it is difficult to say whether these petroglyphs should 
be ascribed to one or the other peoples, or to some earlier dwellers in this 
region. 

Some six miles south of Elbowoods on the Fort Berthold Reserva- 
tion, and on the south side of the Missouri, is a fertile bottom overlooked 





A New Feature in the Archeology of the Missouri Valley,’ (American Anthropologist, N. S., 
vol. 13, 585-588, 1911), 587. 
2 Some Observations made in Northwestern South Dakota,” Bt Antony No Ss 
vol. 2, 257-265, 1909). 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archxology. 299 


by a narrow bench, which holds an important place in Mandan and 
Hidatsa tradition. This place is the original seat of the Grandmother or 
Old Woman Who Never Dies. Along the edge of the bench is a narrow 
slough, running into the Missouri, which is rendered into English in the 
old stories as the “Short Missouri.’”’ On the low bottomland the Grand- 
mother is said to have had her vast cornfield in which her laborers, the 
deer and blackbirds, carried on the work. On the edge of the bench, 
and at present in the dooryard of James Holding-eagle, is a perfect earth- 
lodge circle some sixty feet in diameter. There are no other lodge rings 
anywhere in the vicinity, and this one is believed by all the older people 
to be the remains of the Grandmother’s solitary abode. 

Natural Objects of Veneration. This completes the list of archzeo- — 
logical miscellanies in the region, so far as they have been observed. 
There is a large class, not exactly archeological, but bearing some rela- 
tion to archeology, of various natural objects which are much venerated 
and which play an important part in the traditions of the region. First 
in this class come several sacred stones or rocks. 

Best known of these, perhaps, is the Standing Rock, for which 
Standing Rock Reservation is named. This appears to have been an 
Arikara ‘medicine’ long before the Dakota came to the Missouri. In 
1804 it was located on the east side of the river, on the upper course of 
Spring Creek. This rock has been mounted on a permanent base and 
now stands on a hill near Fort Yates, North Dakota. _ 

On the Fort Berthold Reservation there are at present three sacred 
rocks which have come under observation. One of these stands near the 
door of the Arikara earthlodge dance house on Beaver Creek. It is kept 
wrapped in cloth with only a small portion exposed to the view. This 
rock has the appearance of an ordinary granite boulder. Arikara tradi- 
tion says that it represents the Standing Rock stone. A second and 
very similar stone lies in the dooryard of James Holding-eagle, near 
the Grandmother’s lodge. It was, however, only recently moved there 
from a point not very far away. ‘This stone, while possessing some 
interest to the local tribes, is said to be especially esteemed by the Crow. 
Whenever they visit the Reservation they take occasion to see the stone, 
usually leaving with it a present of cloth, which they wrap around it, or of 
coin, which they place under it. This stone is also said to have fallen 
from the skies although it, too, appears to be an ordinary granite 
boulder. : 

Recent inquiries have elicited the information that this stone is con- 
nected with the well-known story of the girl who married the man from 


300 Anthrepological Papers American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. XXII, 


the sky where she went to live with him. She later attempted to return 
to the earth, and her husband, discovering her hanging from the cord of 
buffalo hide, cast down a stone which crushed her to earth. The stone 
we are describing is declared to be the one which killed the woman. 

The third rock on this Reservation is rather different in its nature. 
It was not visited, but its location was given as about seven miles north- 
west of the Grandmother’s lodge circle. It is on a high ridge and is 
described as a large rock embedded in the side of the hill, with a large 
flat surface exposed. According to the story, the Grandmother fre- 
quently sent visiting Hidatsa to this stone, on which.occasions there were 
always prophetic pictures visible upon it. There are a number of tales 
detailing various prophecies made by this rock, and it is believed that 
pictures may even yet be seen on its surface at times. 

Of other named and esteemed natural objects in the region there are, 
of course, many, each having its own story. Only a few of these have as 
yet been investigated, however. In the vicinity of the Grandmother’s 
lodge, so full of objects important in tradition, is also Red Butte. This 
is within a half mile of the lodge ring, toward the south, and is known as 
the Snakes’ House. Several stories are told of the visits of the culture- 
heroes to the interior of the Snakes’ House and of their struggles with 
the dwellers therein. It is an interesting fact that this butte really is a 
den of rattlesnakes, two white men having killed well over one hundred 
snakes there in one afternoon in 1914. 

The big cave in Cave Hills is, of course, held in much veneration, 
as the elaborate carvings about its entrance show. Still another tradi- 
tionally important orifice is the hole located in the top of Kill Deer 
Mountain. This is a round opening in the cap rock, some three or four 
feet across, leading down into a fissure of unknown depth. According to 
the Fort Berthold Indians this is the opening from which the first buffalo 
originally emerged upon the surface of the earth. 

East of the Missouri, some thirty or forty miles distant from it stands 
Dog Den Butte, one of the most noticeable and prominent elevations of 
the Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. This butte plays an important 
part in many stories, and is prominent in one of the oldest of the Mandan- 
Hidatsa traditions as the place in which Coyote Chief shut up all of the 
game animals of the world, in an attempt to starve the people. 

Besides these natural objects and embellished natural objects noted 
above, there are many other similar things scattered over the state of 
North Dakota which have never been noted or described. ‘There are 
stories of several carved boulders in different parts of the state. There 


1924.] ‘ Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 301 


are hills and lakes with interesting traditions attached to them, some of 
which go by names which can be traced back to these old stories of which 
the present generation knows nothing. A striking case of the corruption 
and final loss of old names occurs in connection with a creek on the Fort 
Berthold Reservation. This creek now has two names—Rising Water, 
and, more commonly, Lucky Mound or Lucky Mountain Creek. Ex- 
amination of the old accounts and old maps shows the name, L’eau qui 
Monte, as being the original translation by the French of the Indian name, 
hence Lucky Mound, of which no one in the locality can at present offer 
any explanation. 

There are traditions connected with many other natural features, 
from Elbowoods down to Grand River, and there are specially named 
natural objects, such as the butte, into which Black-tail Deer, in one of 
the tales, disappeared. The butte is just south of Little Heart Creek. 
There is also the Holy Hill of the Mandan, near Cannonball, the hill on 
Knife River, where the little people live, and many others of which we 
have not even heard. 

Enough has been presented in the preceding pages to show that a 
large amount of material lies in this region for further investigation and 
study. It is to be hoped that this work will soon be taken up. 

Village Sites. Let us turn now to the largest and perhaps most inter- 
esting class of archeological material of the region—the old earth- 
lodge village sites, a field, which if properly and systematically worked 
would yield us almost complete data on the early culture and history of 
some six or seven tribes of the upper Missouri Valley. 

Village sites are, of course, scattered along the Missouri from the 
mouth up, and they extend along its course to the mouth of the Yellow- 
stone, frequently the territory of one tribe overlapping that of another. 
The section, however, which it is proposed to discuss here, is practically 
bounded on the south by Grand River, in South Dakota, although some 
mention may be made of sites farther down. 

The tribes which have been directly concerned with the building 
of earthlodge villages, within the bounds above mentioned are: the 
Arikara, the Cheyenne, the Mandan, the Hidatsa, and the Amahami. 

The Arikara, of the Caddoan stock, and at one time a part of the 
Skidi Pawnee, quarreled with that people and separated from them very 


302 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. XXII, 


early in the eighteenth century. According to their traditions they were 
at that time a very powerful tribe. After leaving the Skidi they estab- 
lished themselves on the Missouri and gradually moved northward along 
that stream. Old Arikara sites are located near the mouth of Bad River, 
where they were visited by the younger Vérendrye in 1743?, near the 
mouth of Cheyenne River, where Trudeau’ found them in 1795, about the 
mouth of Moreau River, and above the mouth of Grand River, where 
they were visited by Lewis and Clark in 1804. 

The Arikara villages near Bad River appear to have been abandoned 
about 1770 because of the hostility of the Dakota, who at that period 
began to press to the Missouri from the head of the Minnesota River. 
Personally, I believe this Teton movement to the Missouri was the direct 
outcome of the procuring of arms and ammunition from the British 
traders. This trade began among the Sioux about 1765, and a few years 
after that date we find the Sioux terrorizing the Village tribes on the 
Missouri. 

The sites near Bad River that are probably Arikara are, as far as 
I can learn, the following :— 

1. ‘Ancient Indian Village,’”’ on the west bank of the Missouri, 
sixteen miles below Bad River and one mile below East Medicine Knoll 
Creek. This site is so marked on Missouri River Commission map, 
Sheet XL. 

2. ‘Ancient Indian Village,’’ marked on the same sheet one mile 
above East Medicine Knoll Creek on west bank of the Missouri. 


] 


1Perhaps early in the seventeenth century, for the Omaha and Ponca state that when they reached 
the Missouri, certainly long before the year 1700, the Arikara were already there. 

There does not appear to be any trace of early Arikara residence in northern Nebraska. Lewis and 
Clark mention a ‘“‘Pania’’ village site on the Niobrara River, and some have supposed this to be an- 
Arikara village, but this is clearly an error, for which Evans is responsible. On Evans’ map the modern 
Ponca River is set down as Pania River and.the Ponca village is set down as Pania village; hence 
Pania Island in the river near this village and Pania House, sometimes called Pawnee House, on the 
east bank near Randall, South Dakota. 

The Arikara are spoken of by La Harpe, 1719, who places them on the Missouri 120 leagues south 
southeast from ‘‘seven famous villages,’’ which may have been the Mandan villages of the old Heart 
River group. The distance given, 120 leagues (300 miles) would, counting from Heart River, place the 
Arikara some 20 miles below Bad River, where they probably were located at that time. La Harpe also 
speaks of the Arikara relations with the Padouca, a people whose southern bands lived in western 
Kansas and Nebraska at that period, and whose northern bands, known as the Gens du Serpent, were in 
contact with the Arikara and other tribes on the upper Missouri. 

Renaudiére, 1723, places the Arikara ten leagues above the Omaha, with whom they were allied, 
but his location of the Omaha is not definite enough to enable us to locate the Arikara villages. 

At this early period the Arikara, like their kinsmen, the Pawnee, were captured and sold into slavery 
by the tribes on the Mississippi as well as those in the plains. Thus Charlevoix had a Pani-Ricara slave, 
evidently purchased on the Mississippi, and Mallet in 1739 found Arikara slaves among the Padouca and 
Ietan on the New Mexican frontier. [De la Harpe, Bénard, Relation du Voyage de Bénard de la Harpe. 
Découverte faite par lui de plusieurs Nations situées a l’ouest, in Margry, Pierre, Découvertes et Etablisse- 
ments des Francaise dans l’ouest et dans le sud de l Amerique Septentrionale (1614-1754). Sixiéme Partie. 
Exploration des Affluents du Mississippi et découverte des Montagnes Rocheuses (1679-1754), Paris, 
1886, 292-293. See also Mallet, in Margry, zbid., and Charlevoix, P. F., History and General Description 
of New France, vols. 1-6. New York, 1866-1872.—George E. Hyde. 

2Margry, ibid., vol. 6, 598-611. 

3Collections, Missouri Historical Society, vol. 4, no. 1, 9. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archxology. 303 


3. ‘Indian Village’? marked on the same sheet on west bank of 
Missouri four miles above Bad River. This is evidently the site men- 
tioned by Robinson, who states the sites has a double ditch. | 

4. “Site of Indian Village and Fort’? marked on Sheet XLI on 
west bank of Missouri seven miles above Bad River. 

There must have been other villages in this group, and some of 
them are probably mentioned in the South Dakota Historical Collections. 

The Arikara villages near Cheyenne River appear to have been 
built after the Bad River group of villages was abandoned. According 
to Lewis and Clark there were five villages in the Cheyenne River group, 
but this number does not, perhaps, include all of the sites. The sites in 
this group as far as I have seen them recorded are:— 

1. “Site of Indian Village” on Sheet XLI, on west bank of the 
Missouri nineteen and one-half miles above Bad River. This is clearly 
the first Arikara site noted by Lewis and Clark, the one on ‘‘ No Timber 
Creek,”’ modern Chantier Creek. On returning down the river in 1806 
Lewis and Clark speak of this site as “a large village om each side.” 
This may mean there were two villages at this place. They state this 
village was abandoned in 1799. This is evidently the site that Bracken- 
ridge? and Bradbury? describe in some detail. 

2. “Site of Indian Village’? marked on Sheet XLII, on the west 
bank of the Missouri near the lower point of Cheyenne Island, about five 
miles below Cheyenne River. This site was noted by Lewis and Clark 
and is evidently the first Arikara village of Trudeau, 1795. 

3. The second village occupied in Trudeau’s time, 100 paces above 
the first village. 

4, Village on the south bank of Cheyenne River, at its mouth, 
which is marked on Sheet XLII as ‘Site of Indian Village and Fort.” 
This site seems to have been noted by Brackenridge, and is marked on 
Lewis and Clark’s map, No. 7 in Atlas. 

5. “Site of Indian Village” marked on Sheet XLII on west bank 
of Missouri thirteen miles above Sheyenne River. Whether this was one 
of the group of Arikara villages or not we do not know, as the site is 
not mentioned by any of the early travelers. 

The Arikara appear to have abandoned the last two of these villages 
in 1795, after Trudeau left them, for Evans in 1796 found the Arikara 


1Robinson says this site is described in the Collections, South Dakota Historical Society, vol. 3, 543. 

2Thwaites, Reuben Gold, Early Western Travels, 1748-1846. A Series of Annotated Reprints of 
some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines, and Social and 
Economic conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement, vol. 6, 
Cleveland, 1914, 107. 

8Thwaites, zbid., vol. 5, 126. 


304 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXII, 


living ten leagues below the Mandan and Hidatsa. About a year later 
the Arikara joined the Sioux in an attack on the Mandan and Hidatsa 
and then moved down the Missouri. It was evidently at this time they 
built the villages above Grand River, though they appear to have re- 
occupied some of the older villages below, as Lewis and Clark state the 
Chantier Creek village was occupied in 1799, and the small village on La 
hoo catt Island was occupied in 1797. 

In 1804 the Arikara had three villages here, above Oak Creek.! 
The lower village in this group was abandoned soon after Lewis and Clark 
returned down the Missouri in 1806; but the Arikara continued to 
occupy the two upper villages until they were attacked by Colonel 
Leavenworth’s forces in 1823. Aided by the Dakota, Leavenworth 
drove the Arikara out and practically destroyed the villages. Part of the 
Arikara went up and joined the Mandan, while the great part of the 
tribe moved south and joined their kinsmen, the Skidi Pawnee, near the 
upper Platte. Among the Skidi they were not welcome, because of their 
troubles with the whites and their raids on the Cheyenne, with whom the 
Skidi were at that time attempting to make peace, so the Arikara left the 
Skidi and established themselves near the forks of the Platte. From this 
point they fled in 1835 on learning that a body of United States dragoons 
was marching in their direction. A few years later they returned north, 
arriving near the Mandan village in 1838, soon after that tribe had been 
almost destroyed by smallpox. The Arikara now possessed themselves 
of the larger part of the Fort Clark Mandan village, where they remained 
for nearly thirty years. Leaving here about 1860, they established them- 
selves about opposite the Fort Berthold village of Mandan and Hidatsa, 
and a year or so later they crossed the river and united their village with 
the former one. 

The vanguard of the Cheyenne came into North Dakota late in the 
seventeenth century and built a village in the great bend of Sheyenne 
River. Part of the tribe remained behind in Minnesota, and they were, 
perhaps, the people who built the village referred to by Comfort, near the 
head of Minnesota River in the northeast corner of South Dakota. The 
Cheyenne themselves have no detailed account of their migration to the 
Missouri; but according to Dakota tradition, which appears to be, in the 
main, trustworthy, it was the Cheyenne band that had lingered behind in 
Minnesota that first reached the Missouri. These people first built a 





IThe villages above Grand River must have been built after the Arikara abandoned their villages 
near Hensler, North Dakota, allied themselves with the Sioux and attacked the Mandan and Hidatsa. 
These events occurred in 1796 and 1797, and the Arikara abandoned the Hensler villages in 1799, 
according to Clark. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. 305 


village on the Coteau du Missouri, near the present town of Kulm, 
whence, after a short sojourn, they moved to the Missouri and built a 
village on Porcupine Creek, between the Arikara and the Mandan, about 
1740. The other band of Cheyenne was driven from their village on 
Sheyenne River, and moving across the Missouri, built a village on 
the site of thé present Farm School, below Fort Yates. During the 
eighteenth century, the Cheyenne, according to the Dakota, built at 
least four important villages on the Missouri: one near the mouth of the 
Little Cheyenne, one at the Farm School, one between Fort Yates and 
Porcupine Creek, and one on Porcupine Creek. All of these villages 
appear to have been abandoned by 1780, the tribe moving out toward the 
Black Hills and adopting the life of roving hunters. Part of the people, 
however, continued to plant corn down to about the year 1800 and, 
according to the Dakota, the Cheyenne maintained a settlement on 
Grand River, to which they returned after their hunts. Here they had 
their fields and a number of small earthlodges. 

The Mandan are perhaps the oldest dwellers in the Missouri Valley 
in this region. According to their tradition, they reached the Missouri 
at the mouth of White River, in South Dakota, at a very early date, led 
by a great culture-hero chief, Good-Furred-Robe. Thence they moved 
up to Bad River, made a journey west to the mountains, and came back 
down White River, or Sheyenne River. Here part of the tribe re- 
mained, the rest moving up to Bad River again. This division gradually 
lost touch with the other one, which finally disappeared.!. On Bad River 
the Mandan had their fields and were living prosperously when they 

were attacked by their first enemies, the Grass People.? After the first 
battle, the Mandan chief introduced several of the war ceremonies and 
societies. From Bad River the tribe gradually moved upstream, with 





iThis reminds one very strongly of the Omaha-Ponca tradition. These two tribes (then one 
people) reached the Missouri betwen the Niobrara and White River at an early date. They moved up 
above White River and there crossed the Missouri. The Ponca moved out to the mountains and re- 
mained for some time. then rejoined the Omaha at the mouth of White River. As the soil at this 
point was not very good, the people now moved down the west bank of the Missouri into Nebraska. 
All of this occurred before 1700, apparently, as the French sources show that the Omaha were in Ne- 
braska soon after that date. During this earliest period the Omaha-Ponca people are said to have had 
the common name Honga.—George E. Hyde. 

2Grass People, or Vegetation, or Herbage People. According to a Mandan story the Mandan found 
enemies in their land first at Bad River. Here they found a woman killed by some enemy while working 
in her field. They prepared and went out to find and fight the enemy, defeating them, and from the 
conflict, the creek was choked with corpses, hence, Bad River. The survivors of the enemy turned 
themselves into grass or other herbage, and so made off and escaped. So the Mandan called them Grass 
People or Herbage People. They afterwards came to know them to be the people who call themselves 
Dakota.—M. R. Gilmore. 


306 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural H. istory. [Vol. XXII, 


long stops at different points, finally reaching Heart River,! where they 
built many villages and dwelt for a very long time. At Heart River the 
Hidatsa came to them, and here they were first visited by the whites: 
Vérendrye? and his party, 1738-1739. 

It seems well to go into the movement of the Mandan rather care- 
fully, taking into account the various items of evidence of different kinds 
which we have, comparing these items with such information as we have 
from the Indians themselves, and with the known existing sites. The 
written evidence is contained in the accounts of their various early 
visitors, more especially Alexander Henry, Lewis and Clark, and 
Maximilian. In comparison of these accounts, however, much caution 
should be used in treating the distances given by the various travelers. 
The land along the Missouri River is subject practically to a double set 
of measurements which vary widely in many cases, depending upon 
whether the reference is made to river channel distances or to straight 
line distances across the river bottomland. Thus, the present distance 
from Hensler to Mandan Lake is about five miles by road while by river 
it is nearly twice that far. From this it will be seen that distances as 
stated by travelers may be correct from one viewpoint, and absolutely 
incorrect from another. 

Let us now try to trace the more or less historical epoch of the 
Mandan. In 1773, according to Mackintosh,’ they were still flourishing 
in the Heart River region, having nine to thirteen villages on the two 
sides of the Missouri with many thousands of warriors. Soon after 1780, 
however, they were severely attacked by the smallpox. The Dakota or 
Sioux, discovering the plight of their neighbors, then attacked them and 
destroyed two large villages on the east side, the largest being known as 
Ruptare. From this great village two men, one known as Fire and the 


© 





1T have just found what appears to be the earliest reference to the Mandan villages in the Heart 
River group. La Harpe in 1719 visited the village of some Caddoan Indians on the Canadian River in 
Oklahoma and was given the following information:— 

“That the Padoucas were a numerous nation whose villages extended very far toward the N. and 
N.N.W.; that the Spaniards were not allied [i.e., in contact] with all this nation, and that when they 
went to trade with some distant village on the side of the Aricaras (“village escarte du coste des Aricaras), 
they were often attacked by the Panis, enemies of the Padoucas. . . That there were seven famous 
villages on the N.N.W. side of the Aricaras at a distance of 120 leagues, with whom they are allies. I 
believe the Aricaras were part of the 45 Panis villages.””. (Margry, 7bid., vol. 6, 292-93.) 

A French league is about 214 miles; 120 leagues equal about 300 miles. Bad River to Heart River 
according to Lewis and Clark’s distances is 267 miles. 

Vérendrye says the Mandan had six large fortified villages; Bougainville [Mémoire sur la Nouvelle 
France (1757), quoted in a footnote in Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North 
America, Thwaites edition, vol. 2, 235] says there were seven. Lewis and Clark usually say six and then 
add nine in italics. 

Big White told Clark in 1806 that there were seven villages when he was born in the Fort Lincoln 
Village about 1757 (Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, New York, 1904, vol. 5, 346).— 
George E. Hyde. 

"Report on the Canadian Archives, note A, no. 1. 

’Quoted in Schoolcraft, H. R., History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United 
States; eae and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, vol. 3, Philadelphia, 
1854 (243). 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 307 


the other, Belt, were the only survivors. The story of these two old men 
is still clear in the memory of James Holding-eagle. who received it from 
his grandfather Moves-slowly, Mandan corn priest.. Moves-slowly had 
it direct from the men themselves in his youth. 

The surviving people on the east side now determined to move up 
river, and they established a village on the east side a short distance 
above Painted Woods and nearly opposite Sanger. Joseph Packineau! 
of Elbowoods recently gave the information that this site is still in 
existence. 

Prior to this first move of the east side Mandan the Arikara had 
apparently been routed by the Sioux, and had gone up river and estab- 
lished themselves in two villages near the present Hensler, one to the 
southeast, the Greenshields site, and one about one mile north of Hensler 
on the bench. 

The west side Mandan, now also diminished by smallpox, then 
decided to move and probably established the several villages in the 
vicinity of Sanger although one of these was at some period inhabited by 
the small Amahami tribe. Shortly after this, the east side people seem 
to have been again attacked and defeated by the Sioux. A vague 
tradition says that they then built the Scorched Arrow village at the 
mouth of Turtle Cieek just below the present Washburn. There is, how- 
ever, also a tradition to the effect that this was an Arikara village. No 
site can now befoundat this point. Ifthe Mandan stopped here at all the 
stay was short, and they soon moved up to Elm Point, just above the 
little area of Bad Lands and almost directly east across the river from 
the present Stanton, as well as about three miles diagonally across the 
river from the later location of Fort Clark. Here they built two villages, 
one about a mile above the other. These are both described by Alexander 
Henry,” although the upper one had been very recently abandoned at 
that time. These two villages were occupied until 1803 when the upper 
village coalesced with the lower one. Henry, as already mentioned, found 
them thus in 1804, and so did Lewis and Clark.’ Recent information 
obtained, shows that both these sites are still plainly marked and they 
will be visited in the near future. Shortly after 1805 the Ruptare or east 
side people moved over to the south side, and established still another 


Gr 1Packineau appears to be a corruption of the French name Patineaude, his French ancestor.—M. R. 
ilmore. 

2Henry, Alexander, and Thompson, David. New Light on the Early History of the Great North- 
west. Edited by Elliott Coues. New Mork leor. *tvol 1, n.623). 

3Lewis, Meriwether and Clark, William. History of the Expedition under the command of Captains 
Lewis and Clark to the Sources of the Missouri thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the Columbia 
River to the Pacific Ocean performed during the years 1804-1806. 4 vols. Edited by Elliot Coues. New 
York, 1893. (Vol. 1, 179 seq.). 


308  ——§ Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


Ruptare village some three miles above the Fort Clark site, near the 
present Deapolis. Here they still dwelt when visited by Maximilian 
and Catlin, and until the great smallpox plague of 1838 almost destroyed 
the tribe. 

Meantime the west side people had also gradually continued their 
progress northward. From the vicinity of Sanger they moved up to a 
point a short distance below the Arikara villages and built a village, 
now identified as the Bagnall site. Either at or just prior to this time 
the Arikara had gone back down river. Several years later, in 1796 the 
Arikara returned to the old villages here for a brief sojourn, and found 
that the Mandan had moved on about three or four miles above them. 
This, according to direct line measurements, placed the Mandan in the 
vicinity of Mandan Lake where we have two sites now, close together on 
the east bank of the lake, and traditions of a large winter village in the 
timbered bottom below. ; 

Apparently some trouble was experienced with both the Arikara 
and the Dakota while at Mandan Lake, and as the location did not lend 
itself well to defense another move was soon made. On this occasion 
two villages were again built, one probably at the present Fort Clark 
Station,' and another one on a promontory overlooking the river, about a 
mile or a little more above. This latter site is the historic Old Fort 
Clark Mandan village.. From archeological evidence and tradition it is 
clear that the lower site here existed as a village for only a very short time, 
and was soon merged into the larger one. The old Fort Clark village like 
Ruptare some three miles above it also survived till the smallpox of 1838. 
After this, the few survivors joined the Hidatsa, but some of the women 
remained in the old village with the Arikara. When the Hidatsa finally 
moved to Fort Berthold the remaining Mandan accompanied them and 
settled there with them in the last village built. 

The Hidatsa, of kindred stock with the Mandan, but widely diver- 
gent in language and culture, claim to have come from under the ground, 
reaching the surface of the earth in the vicinity of Devil’s Lake. The 
Crow were at that time a part of the Hidatsa. After emerging they 
built a large village near the lake and lived there for many years. At 
length four of their hunters, journeying westward, came upon the Mis- 
souri and saw the villages of the Mandan on the opposite bank. They 
talked with the Mandan, received a present of corn, and declared that 
they would return with their people in four days. This occurred near 


1Arikara tell me that they had a village exactly where Fort Clark Station now is.—M. R. Gilmore. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 309 


the mouth of Heart River.!. The four days lengthened into four years, 
and at the end of that time, a vast host appeared opposite the Mandan 
village at old Fort Lincoln, and were ferried over in bull-boats by the 
Mandan. 

The Hidatsa built a village near the Mandan and remained there for 
many years, learning corn-growing from the Mandan. There also the 
quarrel took place which resulted in part of the Hidatsa separating from 
the rest and moving westward. These people were the Crow of later 
times. The vicinity of Heart River becoming over-populated, at the 
suggestion of the Mandan chief, and by mutual agreement, the Hidatsa 
moved up to Knife River, whether in one move or by gradual stages is not 
told. Thereafter Knife River remained the seat of the Hidatsa, until the 
final removal to Fort Berthold, although a number of temporary move- 
ments were made by different segments of the tribe which resulted in the 
establishment for short periods of a number of villages farther north 
along the river. These we shall consider later. The last movement of this 
kind was made by the band of Crow-flies-high, after the tribe reached 
Fort Berthold, to a site near Fort Union, where the band remained 
many years, not returning to the reservation until about 1890. 

The Amahami were.apparently very closely related to the Hidatsa, 
with whom they lived for a great many years. According to tradition, 
they started originally from the shore of an eastern sea. Thence they 
went northward to a timbered country through which they traveled for a 
long time. When they finally emerged from the timber, somewhere south- 
east of Fargo. North Dakota, they built a large village and remained a 
long time. One day a party of hunters met some Hidatsa, and both 
parties were surprised that they were able to understand each other. 
The two tribes dwelt in close friendship and association for many years; 
when the Hidatsa moved to the Mandan country the Amahami soon 
joined them there. After that whenever the Hidatsa moved, they moved 
too. One tradition states that they lived, in one of the villages near 
Sanger for a time.? Early white travelers found them in a village south 





1Clark, W. P., in the Indian Sign Language (Philadelphia, 1885) states that when the Hidatsa came 
to the Mandan the Arikara still lived below Fort Pierre. Their arrival was therefore probably before 
1770, but the younger Vérendrye is supposed to have met the Crow (Beaux Hommes) west of the Mis- 
souri in 1742. 

These Beaux Hommes are probably the same people that Joseph La France states were living 
about 1740 in the plains west of Red River, and east of the Missouri (La France, quoted in Hobbs, 
Hudson Bay, 1744). The Beaux Hommes of La France may have been a rear guard that lingered behind 
after the advance body of the people had passed beyond the Missouri. As the Vérendryes were near 
Lake Winnipeg before 1740, they must have known the people La France calls Beaux Hommes in their 
old home near Red River. La France is certainly trustworthy—his account of all the tribes near Red 
River, Lake Winnipeg, Assiniboin River, etc., is quite accurate.—George E. Hyde. 

2October 23, 1804, Lewis and Clark camped on the west bank just below Pretty Point and noted 
just before camping an old village site of the Amahami on the north or east side of the river, evidently 
between one and two miles below Pretty Point. (Original Journals, vol. 1, 203.) 

This village would be below the Mandan villages, where they lived prior to the destruction of their 
eastern village about 1793. 


310 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII. 


of Knife River, close to the Hidatsa. They were at that time very few in 
number and soon after became entirely incorporated into the Hidatsa 
tribe. 


VILLAGE SITES LOCATED. 


Having roughly sketched the story of the tribes who play a part in 
the archeology of the region, let us next make a summary of all the 
village sites so far located, in one way or another. All sites reported will 
be listed and a short sketch will be given of those which have been per- 
sonally observed. The sites will be taken in order, proceeding up the 
Missouri from Grand River. , 

Grand River Arikara Sites. The first sites are the old Arikara vil- 
lages above Grand River and a little above Oak Creek. These villages 
were occupied by the Arikara when Lewis and Clark visited them, and 
intermittently for many years thereafter. The first of these villages was 
on an island (modern Ashley Island) three and a half miles above Oak 
Creek; four miles above this island village were the two upper villages 
on opposite banks of a small creek which runs into the Missouri from the 
west.' We have not visited these sites and there does not seem to be any 
printed description of them as they appear today. 

There are reported to be a number of other Arikara sites in this 
neighborhood, along the Missouri and extending a considerable distance 
up Grand River, but the exact number and location is still unknown, as 
far as any accessible account is concerned.? 








1The third or upper village of this group is shown on the Missouri River Commission maps, on 
pa diwcr at mile 515 as ‘‘ Ancient Indian Village.’’ The other two villages of 1804 are not shown on 
this sheet. 

?There are along the Missouri, both above and below Grand River, a number of old village sites, 
most of which may be considered as belonging to the Grand River group of Arikara villages. These 
sites are as follows:— 

1. Village of eighty lodges on the west bank of the Missouri, 5! miles below what Lewis and 
Clark term Otter Creek (present Swan Creek, Walworth County, South Dakota). Lewis and Clark state 
this was an Arikara village and had been occupied as late as the spring of 1804. This was perhaps a 
winter village. 

2. Village of sixty lodges on west bank of the Missouri and south bank of Moreau River. This 
was a winter village, apparently occupied in the winter of 1803-1804, according to Lewis and Clark. 

3. “Site of Indian Village and Fortification’’ marked on west bank of the Missouri, 1014 miles 
above Moreau River on Sheet XLV. (Not noted by Lewis and Clark and perhaps of later date.) 

4. Village on Grouse Island (modern Blue Blanket Island). 

5. “Site of Indian Village’? marked on Sheet XLV on west bank of the river just above Blue 
Blanket Island. (Not noted by Lewis and Clark.) 

6. First Arikara village of 1804, on modern Ashley Island, 314 miles above Oak Creek. This 
village was abandoned before 1811. 

Second Arikara village of 1804, 4 miles above the island village, on west bank of the river and 
south bank of a small creek. 

8. Third village of 1804, on the north bank of the creek, just above the second village. 

9. “Ancient Indian Village,’ marked on Sheet XLV on the west side of the river 4144 miles above 
the upper Arikara village of 1804. Not noted by Lewis and Clark. . 

These are probably all Arikara sites, but it is not likely that more than three of them were occupied 
at any one time. 

On Sheet XLIV of the Missouri River Commission map is marked “Indian Mounds’’ on the east 
side of the Missouri and on the south bank of Swan Creek. This is a very interesting site, if it is an 
Indian village. So far as known, there is no other site on the east bank between the Nebraska line 
and the Cannonball River with the exception of the ‘‘ Buffalo Pound” village at the mouth of Big 
Beaver Creek, said to be Mandan, although the Dakota claim the Cheyenne formerly had a village near 
Little Cheyenne River. - 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 311 


Cheyenne Site at Farm School. (No. 12.) Above the Arikara villages 
of the Grand River group there is a stretch of river of some twenty-five 
miles along which no village sites are known. At the end of this stretch 
of river we come to the site of the first old Cheyenne village, at the Farm 
School, on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. We have not visited 
this site. According to Dakota tradition this village was built by the 
band of Cheyenne who came from the village on Sheyenne River, near 
Lisbon, North Dakota. As the Farm School was built directly over the 
old village, the site is probably almost obliterated. 

Blackfoot Creek Site. Some three miles north of the Farm School, 
on the west side of the Missouri and on the south bank of Blackfoot 
Creek, is a site which was recently shown to Captain A. B. Welch of the 
U.S. Army by some of his friends among the Sioux, who stated that this 
was an old Mandan village. This site is also marked on the Missouri 
River Commission maps, Sheet XLVI, as ‘‘ Ancient Village.’”! 

Slob Town and Porcupine Creek Cheyenne Sites. (Nos. 13 and 45.) 

On October 14, 1804, Clark states :— 

Imediately opposit our Camp on the L.S. I observe an antient fortification the 
walls of which appear to be 8 or 10 feet high (most of it washed in). 
This site was on the west bank of the Missouri, below Four-mile Creek 
and near Fire Heart Butte, as nearly as can be judged. If there is a 
village site in this neighborhood, we have failed to find any trace of it. 

A little less than two miles below Porcupine Creek, on the west side 
of the river, is a site (No. 45) which was recently located by Dr. George 
Bird Grinnell. This is, according to Dakota tradition, an old Cheyenne 
village. Above here, on the south bank of Porcupine Creek, is the best 
known of the Cheyenne village sites on the Missouri.? 

Dr. A. McG. Beede, formerly Episcopal missionary at Cannonball, 
advised the writer, who had determined the position of this Porcupine 
Creek village some years ago, that the river had left no traces of the site. 


1History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 1, 166. 

2It seems to be impossible at the present writing to reconcile the statements made by various 
persons as to the Cheyenne villages along this part of the river. Dr. Grinnell heard of several traditional 
sites along here and visited three of them: the Porcupine Creek site, the site about two miles below 
Porcupine Creek, and the Farm School site. The Dakota claim there were other Cheyenne villages in 
this neighborhood. 

Lewis and Clark passed along this part of the river on October 15th and 16th, 1804, and their camp 
on the night of October 15-16 appears to have been about a mile below the Porcupine Creek site. They 
state that they passed an old Cheyenne village on the west side of the river just before they camped for 
the night on October 15. This would appear to be the village Dr. Grinnell found, about two miles below 
Porcupine Creek. To add to the confusion, Ordway in his journal states that an old Cheyenne village 
Was passed on October 15th some distance below camp. He states that after passing this village they 
passed a creek on the west side of the river, timbered bottoms on both sides of the river, and another 
creek on the west side, just above which they camped on the east bank. On the next day, October 16th 
both Clark and Ordway state in their journals that a second Cheyenne village was passed. This was 
apparently the site on the south bank of Porcupine Creek. From these journals it would appear that 
there were three Cheyenne villages, one, seen only by Ordway, some two miles below Fort Yates, and 
two others near Porcupine Creek. See Lewis and Clark, ibid., 166-169 and the Journals of Lewis and 
Ordway, (Collections, Wisconsin Historical Society, vol. 22, 154, 155). 


312 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


Dr. Grinnell, however, finds that the whole village is intact and the lodge 
rings very plain. This is the village built by the first band of Cheyenne 
to reach the Missouri from Minnesota according to Dakota tradition. 

Buffalo Corral Site. The next site occurs on the east side of the 
river and a few miles higher up. It is that above the mouth of Beaver . 
Creek, in Emmons County, North Dakota. This village is somewhat 
vaguely credited to the Mandan and is called the Buffalo Corral Village, 
as itis said that a long-remembered killing of buffalo by the pound 
method once occurred there. 

Cannonball Site. (No. 14.) The next located site is on the high 
bluff marking the confluence of the Cannonball River with the Missouri. 
This site is on the northwest edge of the town of Cannon Ball and in area 
is fairly large. It appears to show at least two occupations, one over the 
other, and apparently was surrounded by several different ditches. 

This site, as suggested by the Dakota, may be at least partly Man- 
dan, and its size may be explained by supposing that this is the village 
at which the three tribes—Cheyenne, Arikara and Mandan—united for a 
year or two, for mutual protection from the Dakota, as is set forth in the 
traditions of several tribes. 

In this vicinity, a short distance southwest of the site, is a hill 
known to the Dakota as ‘the Holy Hill of the Mandans.’ The reticence 
of the Mandan themselves with regard to this site is quite striking, and 
an explanation of it would be interesting. 

Old Site not Visited. On the Missouri between one and two miles 
above the Cannonball is still another site, not visited by the writer, 
and not definitely credited to any tribe. 

Fort Rice Site. (No. 15.) Again, on the west side of the river and on 
the southeastern outskirts of the town of Fort Rice, are the very indis- 
tinct remains of rather a large village which is now a plowed field. This 
site is somewhat uncertainly credited to the Mandan, according to Mr. 
H. C. Fish, who visited many of these sites with the North Dakota 
Historical Society expedition, when several of the older Fort Berthold 
Indians were with the party. 

Glencoe and Livona Sites. (No. 60.) A site has been recently re- 
ported near Livona, North Dakota, on the east side. 

A little higher up, on the east bank, southwest of Glencoe Post 
Office, and on what is known as the Shermer Place, is another site, not 
definitely established as belonging to any particular tribe, and two miles 
above it still another very indistinct site was recently found. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzology.  - o13 


Huff Site. (No. 18.) Again, on the west side, just below the present 
village of Huff and on the edge of the bench, occurs another very striking 
site. 

Eagle’s Nose Site. (No. 48.) About two miles farther up we come 
to one of the most romantically situated and most interesting of any of 
the sites. The river along here runs south of east; a low bench extends 
back from the river for a variable distance, then breaks into a miniature 
Bad Land area and rises into the high range of hills called by Lewis and 
Clark the Eagle Nest Hills and reported by them to have been frequented 
for the purpose of catching war eagles. These hills are cut frequently by 
deep, timbered coulées. Perhaps two miles above Huff the bad lands 
come directly to the river bank, and one long and peculiarly shaped clay 
ridge extends to the bank in an unbroken outline, very closely resem- 
bling the beak of an eagle. This ridge plays an important part in Mandan 
tradition. The beak merges into the range of hills at the south; on the 
west of its base is a deep coulee, filled with wild fruit trees, and on the 
west side (of the coulée) a high promontory juts out from the range of 
hills, forming a flat-topped butte connected with the range of hills be- 
hind it by a narrow neck. ‘The flat area is perhaps ten acres in extent, 
and the sides drop down precipitously all around except a narrow passage 
at the southeast, like those of a mesa in the Southwest. On the flat top 
of this promontory are the remains of the Eagle’s Nose Village of the 
Mandan, very prominent in many stories and traditions, and by some 
said to have been built by the culture-hero, Good Furred Robe, although 
in this it may be confused with the Huff site. Asteep path on the east. 
side leads down to a spring, about halfway down the slope. 

This village, only recently inspected, is undoubtedly the one seen 
by. Lewis and Clark opposite and just below the point’where they camped 
for the night on October 19, 1804.) | 

Holbrook Site. (No. 46.) About three miles farther up and on the 
east bank of the river is another site. This is situated on the edge of a 
high bluff, just below the mouth of Apple Creek, on a farm known as the 
Holbrook Place. This site has been described in a previous paper.? 

Bad or Red Water Site. (No. 1.) A few miles higher, on the west. 
side, and a mile above the mouth of Little Heart Creek, is another site, 
which is identified as the Bad or Red Water Village of Mandan tradition. 


- Clark says, (Original Journals, vol. 1, 199): ‘‘On the point of a hill, 90 feet above the lower plane, I 
observed the remains of an old village, (high, strong, watchtower &c.) which had been fortified, the Indian. 
Chief with us tels me, a party of Mandins lived there, Here first saw ruins of Mandan nation.” 

2Will, G. F., ‘‘Some New Missouri River Valley Sites in North Dakota’? (American Anthropologist,. 
N.S.. vol. 12, 58-60, 1910). 


314 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


Fort Lincoln Site. (No. 2.) Proceeding a few miles farther up, we 


come to the well known Fort Lincoln site, situated at the foot of the hill 
below the old infantry barracks at that post and on a gentle slope reach- 
ing to the bluff edge. This site has been briefly described in a previous 
paper,' and.is now owned by the State Historical Society. (Fig. 1.) 


k SS Mouth of Little Heart River 





Perr Oe date 


Figici: 


Fort Abraham Lincoln Mandan Site (No. 2). 


Motsiff Site. (No. 3.) Above this site we come to the Motsiff 
farm, just south of the outskirts of the city of Mandan, North Dakota. 
Here there is a very prominent site with unusually high mounds and 


depressions of considerable depth. It is well known to the Indians as Big 
Village, or a portion of that village. 





*Will and Spinden, The Mandans, 148, This is the site Clark calls the “1st old Mandan Village.’’ 
Ordway also calls it%that. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. 315 


Scattered Village Site. In the eastern part of the present city of 
Mandan, considerably built-over, but nevertheless distinguishable, 
are the remains of ‘Scattered Village’ which was occupied in the summer, 
according to tradition, by those who had fields in the fertile bottomland 
close by. 

According to some of the old Indians, a site is alsg located on the 
outskirts of Bismarck, about opposite the two villages above described; 
but if it ever was there all traces of it must have been destroyed many 
years ago.’ 

Ward Site. (No. 47.) The next evident site is, however, on the 
east side of the river, some three miles northwest of Bismarck, and on the 
flat top of the high bluff, just to the south of the Ward Farm and near the 
mouth of Burnt Creek. This site has been described with a map in a 
previous paper,” and is identified by some of the Indians as the village of 
a chief known as ‘ Looking.’ 

Sperry Site. (No. 39.) About four miles further north is the Sperry 
site, on the flat top of the high bluff and on the south side of Burnt Creek, 
where it emerges from the hills into the Missouri River bottoms. This 
site is of considerable size, and Mr. Lynn Sperry has a large collection of 
articles which he has found there at various times. Most of this site 
has been plowed, and it is at present very indistinct.® 

Boley Site. (No. 20.) On the opposite or west side of the river, 
northeast of Mandan, is the Boley site, situated on the low bench edge 
and on the Boley Farm. It is a very well-marked site, but has been cut 
through by a railroad grade which destroyed a considerable part of it.4 
(Fig. 2.) 

Otter Creek Site. (No. 5.) A few miles further up, on the west side, 
and about two miles below Harmon, there is another small and indistinct 
site. This is situated on a high bluff, just south of the point where Otter 
Creek runs into the river bottoms. It shows very shallow hut rings and 
would appear to have been occupied only a short time. 

Burgois Site. (No. 40.) Almost opposite this and on the east side 
of the river is the largest and best-preserved of all the sites in this region: 
the Burgois or Double-Ditch site, which is fully described in ‘‘The 
Mandans” and is now held in trust for the State Historical Society. 


1Clark’s statement (H istory of the Expedition, etc., 175) agrees with this tradition. He places the 
“2d village of the Mandins”’ on the north side of the river, evidently in the southern edge of Bismarck, 
with another old site ePposiee it, in the bottoms on the south side of the Missouri. 

2Will and Spinden, The Mi andans, 148. This site was not seen by Lewis and Clark. 

3Lewis and Clark did not note the Sperry site. 

4Lewis and Clark noted this site. They passed it during the first course on October 22d. (History 
of the Expedition, etc., vol. 1, 175.) 


316 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


This site is considered by the Mandan to have been one of their old 
villages, and they know it by the name of ‘ Yellow Village” or “ Yellow 
Clay Village.’’ 

Larson Site. (No. 41.) About four miles further north, on the same 
side of the river, is the Larson site, which is also described with a map in 
“The Mandans.”’ 


















































fA h 
cut bank about 20 Aig 





° 06 220 soft. 





Fig. 2. Boley Mandan Site (No. 20). 


No other villages have been located on the east side of the river, 
until the Knife River is reached, although further exploration might 
reveal other sites. One has been reported on the south side of Turtle 
Creek at its emergence into the river bottoms, but it is no longer possible 
to locate the site with any certainty. Another has been recently re- 
ported north of Painted Woods. 





1We have now passed all of the sites of the old Heart River group. Clark describes this group as 
made up of nine sites along a stretch of twenty miles of river, beginning with the First Old Mandan 
village at Fort Lincoln and ending at a point near Harmon. He locates three of these sites on the east 
and six on the west bank. Including all the sites mentioned by Clark and those known today, we have 
along this twenty mile stretch the following sites: 1. Fort Lincoln site; 2. Clark’s site on east bank south 
of Bismarck; 3. Big Village, opposite No. 2; 3. Scattered Village; 4. Clark’s site in the northern 
part of Bismarck; 5. The Ward site; 6. The Boley site; 7. The Sperry site, not seen by Clark; 8. 
Clark’s site on west bank two miles above the Boley site; 9. The Burgois site; 10. Site on the east 
bank two miles above the Burgois site (Clark saw this or the Burgois site); 11. Clark’s site on the 
west side at the mouth of a large creek, evidently the Otter Creek site below Harmon; 12. The Larson 
site. Besides which there are about five other Mandan sites below Fort Lincoln, making nearly nineteen 
sites that we might include in the Heart River group. ; 

This is by far the greatest group of village sites along the upper Missouri at any one place. I set 
down on a map every site mentioned, from the northern line of Nebraska to a point just above Knife 
River. There are eighty-two sites, and the Mandan sites from near Eagle Nose Village to Harmon 
make up just about one-fourth of this total number.—George E. Hyde. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 317 


On the west side of the river the Square Buttes come down as a 
rough barrier to the river a short distance above Harmon. They rise 
abruptly from the river’s edge and present few locations for a village; 
and no sites are found on this side until we come some distance higher up. 

Molander Site. (No. 25.) The first site seen above the Square 
Buttes is the Molander site, situated on the Molander Farm, some two or 
three miles above the present station of Price. This site lies back from 











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about 1883 (No. 25). 


the edge of a rather high bench just south of a deep coulée full of water- 
holes. It has been very little disturbed and is in excellent condition. 
The ditch about the site is arranged with angles jutting out at regular 
intervals and completely surrounds the site. A low ridge of earth follows 
the ditch on the inner side and the interior has a large number of very 
plainly marked house rings. At the foot of this bluff, on the east, is a 
low, narrow bench, not over twenty feet above the level of the bottoms. 
On this are signs, considerably obliterated by cultivation, of a supple- 
mentary village, perhaps occupied in conjunction with the upper one. 
(Figs. 3, 4). 
Pretty Point Site. (No. 7.) A few miles above this place we come to 
the high bench point, jutting out into the river, known to rivermen and 


SIE 
"(GZ ‘ON) OIG Jopuvpoy, “PF “SI 








1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 319 


marked on river maps as Pretty Point. On the very end of this point are 
the evidences of what was apparently a small and not very permanent 
village. The number of house rings is small, and there are no traces of a 
ditch. The cutbank to the river, however, shows a number of old caches. 

Smith Site. (No. 26.) At the north base of Pretty Point is located 
the Smith Place, and just to the north of it on the bench edge are the 
remains of another site apparently divided into two parts by a deep 
coulée. This site has been so mutilated by railroad grading as to leave 
few clues as to its original condition. 





100 200 300 ft 





Fig. 5. Lower Sanger Site (No. 8). 


Lower Sanger Site. (No.8.) The next site is about two miles farther 
up and about one mile below Sanger, North Dakota. It is of medium 
size, fairly well marked, with a rather indistinct ditch around it and a 
number of mounds three to six feet high scattered among the house 
rings. The site is located on a flat-topped bluff just south of a deep 
coulée with water-holes. (Fig. 5). 

Upper Sanger Site. (No. 9.) On the north edge of Sanger village 
and partly occupied by the River Elevator is the Sanger site. This is 
on the high bench which falls off directly to the river. Most of the site is 
very distinet and it is on a rather uneven piece of ground. The mounds 
are numerous and of considerable size and elevation. (Fig. 6.) 


OGE 


‘(6 ‘ON) ofIg doBuvg soddQ -9 “Sty 


























Shura PS0Y 04 aes 


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1924] Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 321 


Just to the north across the coulée are further remains, not distinct 
enough to indicate any permanent village, but apparently a place where 
a number of lodges had once been built. 

The next group of sites brings us nearly to the Knife River region. 
There are three in the vicinity of Hensler, North Dakota, all of which are 
mentioned by Lewis and Clark. 

Bagnall Site. (No. 48.) The first of these, the Bagnall site, is about 
five miles above Sanger. There are no distinguishable sites between 
these two points, but along the bench edge bone fragments and broken 
pottery occur very frequently. This site is on the edge of the low bench 
which slopes up toward the northwest to a round knoll. It is entirely 
surrounded by a wall and ditch and shows very well marked house rings; 
but there are no very great elevations or depressions. 
























































Fig 7. Greenshield Site (No. 28), probably Arikara. 


Greenshield Site. (No. 28.) To the east of Hensler the bench rises 
to a high bluff on the Greenshield Place, and at the end of this bluff, about 
one and a half miles from Hensler, is a large and well-marked site with a 
wonderful outlook over the Missouri bottoms and up and down the river 
for many miles. It lies between two deep draws and is surrounded by 
many depressions, resembling old Arikara graves. There are also traces 
of what must have been an early trading-post. (Fig. 7). 

Hensler Site. (No. 27.) Almost directly north of Hensler, on the 
edge of the level bench and about one mile distant, is the third site of this 
group. It is also very well marked, surrounded by a low ridge and shal- 
low ditch, and showing no great depth or elevations. 

These sites evidently constitute the three villages—one Mandan (the 
Bagnall), and two Arikara (the Greenshield and Hensler sites), men- 
tioned by Lewis and Clark." 


1History of the Expedition, etc., vol. 1, 177. 

These Arikara villages were evidently occupied more than once. Thus the Mandan tradition states 
that the Arikara moved up to this locality before the smallpox of 1780. They came up here again in 
1795 and 1796 and abandoned the villages in 1799. In the spring of 1805 they moved up to these 
villages again, but the Mandan and Hidatsa evidently were opposed to having the Arikara near 
them and refused to consent to their occupation of the old villages. 


200 300 ft. 


100 


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end 


Bench 1s teet above Iake 


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Me Foie re Pa 
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Mandan Lake 


Fig. 8. Mandan Lake Sites (No. 29). 


322 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. O20 


Mandan Lake Sites. (No. 29.) The next sites are some four or five 

miles above, on the bench along the east side of Mandan Lake. There 
are apparently two large sites here, divided by a deep draw or washout 
which extends back into the hills to the south. These two sites are well 
marked and abound in flint, finished artifacts, partly worked pieces, 
and unworked fragments. (Fig. 8). 
' Fort Clark Station Site. (No. 10.) Three or four miles above, and 
on the east edge of the present village of Fort Clark, is a double site, 
divided by a ravine and situated close to the edge of the bench. The 
area is not extensive, nor are the rings and mounds well marked. As 
near as can be judged, Lewis and Clark state that this was the location 
of the Mandan when the Arikara came up to build in their vicinity. 

Old Fort Clark Site. (No.11.) About one and a half miles farther up 
is the famous old Fort Clark site, built by the Mandan and occupied by 
them when Henry, Lewis and Clark, Maximilian, and Catlin visited them, 
and taken over by the Arikara after 1838 and used by them for many 
years. This site is in excellent condition and has been several times 
mapped. Perhaps the most interesting of these maps is one made by the 
Indians of the Fort Berthold Reservation and giving the names of the 
occupants of many of the old lodges. The site of the old trading-post 
here is very easily located even today. This site is now owned by the 
State Historical Society. 7 

Fort Mandan Site. (No. 49.) Almost opposite here, on the east 
side of the river, was the village occupied by the Mandan in 1804, which 
is still in fair preservation, according to a recent report. 

Deapolis Site. (No. 30.) A few miles farther up on the west side is 
the site of the Mandan Dupta or Ruptare. This is on the river bank 
close to the Deapolis River Elevator. It is in excellent condition, and is 
now owned by the State Historical Society. 

Small Site recently Obliterated. (No. 31.) Two or three miles higher 


up, on the edge of the high bench, a small site was located and photo- 


graphed by Mr. H. C. Fish and the writer some ten years ago. Railroad 
work has since obliterated it, but it very evidently marks the place men- 
tioned by Boller! to which a few Mandan returned from Fort Berthold 
for some years. | 

Amahami Site. (No. 32.) We now come to the well-known Knife 
River Hidatsa sites. The first of these is on the edge of the bench on the 
outskirts of Stanton village and is partly enclosed in the courthouse 





1Boller, Henry A., Among the Indians. Eight Years in the Far West: 1858-1866. Embracing 
Sketches of Montana and Sali Lake. Philadelphia, 1868. (321.) 


324 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


grounds. This site is well marked, level, and rather less encumbered with 
mounds and depressions than most of the sites. This was the old village 
of the small Amahami tribe. } 

Lower Hidatsa Site. (Nos. 33-34.) Nearly a mile farther up, and 
on the south side of Knife River, where it debouches into the Missouri bot- 
toms, is the first Hidatsa site. This site really consists of two separate 











a 
Other village 1200 


ie) 
Fig. 9. Upper Portion of Second Knife River Hidatsa Site (No. 33). 


and distinct parts, one being on the bank, the other to the southwest and 
somewhat back from the river. It is considered by the Hidatsa, however, 
as only one village. The elevated road from the Amahami village to this 
one, mentioned by Henry, is still very clearly defined. The sites them- 
selves, judged from the height of the mounds and the depth of the rings, 
apparently show very long occupancy. (Figs. 9 and 10.) 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 325 


Big Hidatsa Site. (No. 35.) On the north side of Knife River and 
on the edge of the bench which slopes up at the back to the hill where the 
Hidatsa sun dance was formerly observed, is the great Hidatsa village 
site. This is on land owned by Mr. Olds, is a very large site, and is 
marked by very deep house rings and many mounds. 

Energy Site. (No. 51.) About six or seven miles further up the Mis- 
sourl, and on the east bank, near the site of the now abandoned Energy 


p, Other village 1200' 





co) 100 200 3oo Ft. 
— | 





Fig. 10. Lower Portion of Second Knife River Site, Hidatsa (No. 34). 


Post Office, is another site, presumably Hidatsa, concerning which we 
have no very definite information. 

Mannhaven Site. (No. 52.) A few miles above, on the south side, 
and just above Mannhaven, is another site, claimed by the Hidatsa. 
This site was doubtless affiliated with the winter village site across the 
river on the north side, near the mouth of Wolf Creek, mentioned by 
Henry, but now quite obliterated. 

Somewhere in this locality was the Red Springs and the winter 
village of the Arikara, frequently mentioned by Boller, but not yet 
identified. | 


326 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


Rock Village Site. (No. 53.) Still further up, and again on the south 
side, is the site of the Hidatsa ‘Rock Village.’”’ This site is just above 
Expansion village and takes its name from Emanuel Rock in the river 
at that point, an object well known to all rivermen and named after 
Manuel Lisa who for a short time maintained a trading-post somewhere 
in the vicinity. 

Last Arikara Sites. (No. 54-55.) Still further up, just above the 
river elevator at Ree, is the first of the two Arikara sites, built by that 
tribe and occupied for about a year before they crossed the river and 
built near their allies at Old Fort Berthold. These sites are separated by 
less than a mile, show very short occupancy, and are exactly opposite 
the old Fort Berthold site. Tradition says that certain of the best criers 
could converse between the two sites with the river separating them. 

Old Fort Berthold Site. (No. 56.) The old Fort Berthold site is still 
in good condition and requires no description, as there are many printed 
accounts that give full information about it. 

Above old Fort Berthold there are several sites, all of which are 
ascribed to the Hidatsa, which were probably built by wandering bands 
from the Knife River seat of the tribe. Most of these sites have not been 
personally inspected, but they are said to show signs of only very brief 
occupancy. 

Bad Lands Site. (No. 59.) The first of these is about four miles 
below Elbowoods in the small area of bad lands, situated on the top of a 
high point some distance back from the river. It is said to have been 
ruled by a very high-handed and cruel chief and to have been abandoned 
as soon as his death gave the people an opportunity to assert themselves. 
This site has been visited recently and was found to be on the flat top of a 
very high, steep-sided hill, the top having an area of some two acres. 
There are about twenty shallow and rather indistinct rings. The odd 
feature of the site was the small rings, more like tipi rings, being about 
eighteen feet in diameter. Some bones and pottery fragments were 
found. | 

Elbowoods Site. (No. 57.) The second of these sites is on the west 
bank of the river opposite the present Indian agency at Elbowoods. 
It is on a high bank, not far back from the river. 

An interesting story regarding this site has been recently secured, 
versions coming from members of both tribes concerned in the events 
narrated, the Hidatsa and the Dakota. The story brings in an interesting 
item in describing a plan of water storage, a feature concerning which 
practically nothing had previously been secured. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. O27 


It seems that on a certain occasion the Dakota sent out a large war 
party to destroy this particular village, which was located on a high and 
very inaccessible promontory. A hunting band of the Hidatsa ranging 
far from home, happened to discover the war party and its object, and at 
once hastened home to their chief with the tidings. 

The chief immediately ordered the men forth to the hunt to secure 
many green buffalo hides, while the women dug deep pits in the lodges. 
The hides were speedily brought in, and were fitted into the pits by the 
women. Then men, women, and children began carrying jars of water 
up from the river without ceasing. Just as the last reservoir was filled 
the Dakota appeared in the distance, and soon invested the village with 
the intention of reducing it through the people’s suffering from thirst. 
There was much bitter fighting, all favorable to the Hidatsa owing to 
their almost impregnable situation. At the end of twelve days the 
Dakota decided that the people must by then have reached a very serious 
state and a grand assault was organized. To their surprise on launching 
the assault, they met a vigorous resistance in which many Dakota were 
killed. As a finale to the repulse the Hidatsa rolled down a number of 
skins full of water upon their discomfitted assailants. This so disheart- 
ened the Dakota that they at once raised the siege, leaving so many 
bodies of dead warriors in the vicinity so the Hidatsa say, that the village 
had to be abandoned on account of the stench. 

Inland Sites. In addition to this list of sites along the river, there 
are several sites more or less inland, some actually observed, others 
traditional and not yet located. 

First among these is the old Cheyenne site on the great bend of 
the Cheyenne River, in the eastern part of the State which has been 
observed and mapped. 

Dr. Beede of Fort Yates states that there is another Cheyenne site 
almost directly east from Fort Yates, some fifty or sixty miles distant, in 
the hills near Kulm, North Dakota. This site, so far as known, has not 
been actually inspected. The Cheyenne who built this village are said 
by the Dakota to have come from Minnesota; they halted near Kulm 
for but a short time, then crossed the Missouri and built the village on the 
south bank of Porcupine Creek, above Fort Yates. 

A site, also formerly described, was seen by Mr. Joseph Taylor, a 
pioneer trapper, in the sand hills district east or southeast of Bismarck, 
North Dakota. This has been tentatively suggested as the site of the 
village visited by the elder Vérendrye. Careful search in recent years has 
failed to discover any traces of this site, and it is probable that it has 
been obliterated by the blowing of the sand. 


328 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


Two other inland sites were reported some years ago, but so far as is 
known have never been investigated. Neither one can be definitely 
ascribed to any tribe. The first of these is said to be about twenty miles 
northeast of Bismarck and not far from the hill known as Sibley Butte. 
The second is on the west bluff overlooking a small lake, a short distance 
west of Turtle Lake, North Dakota. 


Several years ago a site was reported in western Oliver or Mercer 
County, North Dakota, possibly one to which the Hidatsa retired at the 
time of the smallpox epidemic. Recently Dr. Libby of the North Dakota 
Historical Society has located an inland site in the Knife River valley 
near Beulah, North Dakota, but so far has published no account of it. 
This may be the site mentioned above. 


Tradition among the Hidatsa locates an early village on Graham’s 
Island in Devil’s Lake, but a careful search by Mr. H. C. Fish, when 
connected with the North Dakota Historical Society, failed to disclose 
any trace of such a site. 

In preparing this list of sites we have given the definite or probable 
identification of a particular tribe with each village site so far as pos- 
sible. There are, however, a number of sites not definitely ascribable to 
any one tribe, so far as history and tradition go. Tradition is in too many 
cases vague, one narrator locating a given site at one point, another 
connecting the same story with another site. This is more especially 
true of the older sites, and it seems certain that some archeological 
features would present the surest means of identification. We know that 
some of the sites have been used by more than one tribe, and it is reason- 
able to suppose that this may have occurred in other cases. 


The Arikara sites seem to predominate lower down the river, the 
older Mandan sites center in the Heart River region, while the Hidatsa 
sites are most numerous farther north near Knife River. 


There are several much discussed and well-known sites which seem 
very difficult to identify. Among these are the site away from the river 
visited by the elder Vérendrye, the two Mandan sites on Apple Creek, 
the village of the chief, Looking, which is located at different points by 
different Indian informants, and the site of the original Dupta village, 
the head village of the east side people of the Mandan. 





1It should be noted that the troops of Generals Sibley and Sully in their campaigns against the 
Dakota east of the Missouri, in 1863 and 1864, frequently threw up earthworks to defend their camps, 
sometimes on rather an elaborate scale, and these old earthworks might easily be mistaken for the re- 
mains of Indian villages by casual observers. These earthworks are described in the reports contained in 
oar Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Some Indian remains are also mentioned 
in these reports. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 329 


There seems to have been a real distinction between the Mandan 
of the east side and those of the west. We see the name Dupta carried up 
river by this people and applied to several successive sites, and finally 
transferred to the west side at the Deapolis site of Ruptare or Duptade 
when the last remnants of the east side people finally crossed the river. 
This division of the Mandan people is borne out by Maximilian’s account 
of the difference in dialect between the people of the Fort Clark village 
and those of Ruptare. 

The Mandan village names and organization seem to have been in 
some way bound up with the band divisions and band names. This 
presents an interesting problem. The present organization into seven 
bands, one division of four bands and one of three, seems to be a corrup- 
tion of the older organization, perhaps due to contact with the Hidatsa. 
The older organization was made up of nine or thirteen bands, and the 
names of these divisions appear to have corresponded quite closely to the 
names given by Maximilian to the old Heart River villages. 

We have stated some of the difficulties that are encountered in 
attempting to identify the village sites from traditional information: 
let us now see what aid archeology promises in this task. In this archzo- 
logical field there are some differences in the remains, suggested by Dr. 
Libby, which in the better preserved sites are clearly demonstrable. 
These differences were partly established by Dr. Libby’s examination 
of recent village sites, and are partly corroborated in the descriptions of 
the villages by the early explorers and travelers, and further established 
through the statements of the older Indians as given to Dr. Gilbert L. 
Wilson, Dr. Libby, and the writer. In view of the agreement of the 
testimony from all the various sources, it seems reasonable to accept the 
differences in question as definitely established. 

According to this view, a village of the Mandan always contained at 
least one open area in the center of which was the barrel-like structure of 
planks—the ark of the First Man. All of the houses surrounding this open 
area belonged to prominent men and their doorways all faced more or 
less inward, without pointing directly toward the central point of the 
open space. One of the houses in this inner circle was distinguished by a 
peculiar method of construction, having a flattened front. No lodge was 
ever built in the open space, though caches and corn scaffolds might lie 
within it. These are the certain distinctive features of the Mandan 
village. Others have been suspected, but not demonstrated satisfactorily. 

The Arikara village had an open space of similar proportions to 
that of the Mandan village, but lacked the plank cylinder in the center, 
and the Arikara sacred lodge always occupied a portion of the clear area. 


330 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXII, 


The Hidatsa village, unlike the two above described, had no open 
area and no distinctive medicine lodge, the houses being crowded to- 
gether throughout the village. 

The Cheyenne earthlodge village has not been described by the 
early travelers or in tradition, and it can only be conjectured at present 
that it resembled most closely the Hidatsa village, as a comparison of the 
maps of village sites shows. We have therefore no distinguishing features 
for the Cheyenne site. 

There is one other sure determining feature which does not have to 
do with the village plan. This is the form of burial, a certain means of 
distinguishing between the Arikara and the other tribes, since the former 
always buried underground while the other tribes of the region employed 
the scaffold or tree burial: The finding of bodies regularly buried in 
eraves is therefore a safe indication of Arikara occupancy of a village 
site. On the other hand the finding of bundles of human bones, or pieces 
of human bones and skulls, scattered among the débris of a village site, 
is a safe indication of Mandan or Hidatsa occupancy. 

In addition to the fairly well-established criteria of tribal differentia- 
tion mentioned above, there are a number of other points which further 
investigation may add to the list. Some stress has been laid in papers by 
other writers on the matter of the excavation for the house floor as a 
distinctive factor. As has been shown in a previous paper, investigation 
hardly bears this out, as various witnesses give different opinions and the 
safest conclusion seems to be that excavation was largely a question of 
vetting a suitable soil for floor purposes. In this connection may be 
considered the question of the depth of house-rings. This feature might 
seem to depend on the amount of excavation, but investigation seems to 
show that this is not the case, as we find the deep rings in the sites tradi- 
tionally longest occupied, no matter which tribe occupied them, and 
more especially if such sites are partially sheltered from the blowing and 
drifting of dust and sand. In the other words, deep house-rings are the 
result of the building up of the surrounding village level during long 
years of occupancy, and of wearing down the floor by treading and daily 
sweeping rather than of excavation for the floors. 

Other points which at various times have been suggested as distin- 
cuishing features are the location with respect to each other of the wall 
and the ditch, the shape of the village area, the interior house arrange- 
ment, method of roof building, location of shrines or monuments of a 
sacred character, and lastly, differences in pottery and in flint and bone 
artifacts. 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. del 


Considering the above points in turn: as regards the wall and ditch, 
the descriptions of early travelers and the examination of sites show in 
some cases the wall inside the ditch, while in other instances it is outside. 
To the present, however, no connection has been established between the 
location of the wall and the identity of the tribe that occupied a village 
site. Local conditions would seem to account for the varying location of 
the wall, though it is significant that the older sites seem to have had the 
wall inside, as described by the elder Vérendrye. 

As to the shape of the village area: it is certain that there are no 
manifest differences between the shape of the Mandan and Hidatsa 
village sites. Mr. Steinbrueck, however, has advanced a theory that 
Arikara sites may be determined by their shape, which he says is always 
more or less circular, with a wall all around, and with salients at regular 
intervals. The writer has observed several such sites, but has also seen 
supposedly Arikara sites not built in this fashion and has observed known 
Mandan sites in the same form. 

As to interior house arrangements: differences such as we know 
existed here, and in the forms of corn scaffolds, sweatlodges, etc., are not 
of a nature to leave any definite archeological trace, and therefore must 
be disregarded in seeking for factors of archeological differentiation. 

As to the difference in the method of building the roof and lodge, 
there were doubtless minor variations between the methods of the 
Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara, but it is unlikely from what we know of 
these differences that they would leave archzological evidence. There 
is, however, an old Cheyenne tradition extant which mentions that the 
Cheyenne earthlodge of early times was built by burying the butts of 
long poles in a circular ditch, then bending the tops together and tying 
them there. Such a widely variant method would most certainly be 
plainly discernible by excavation, and if this method was really employed, 
as can be proved or disproved at known Cheyenne sites, would give us 
another easily recognizable factor for determination.' 

As to the location of shrines or monuments of a sacred character per- 
taining to particular tribes, we have already mentioned the sacred lodges 
of the Mandan and Arikara, and the Mandan plank enclosure. In 
addition to these we have the ‘Sun Mound’ so-called, at the Cannonball 
site, described by the Dakota as a special Mandan feature. Evidence in 


1This type of earthlodge was not necessarily built by the Cheyenne in their Missouri River villages, 
for the tradition clearly refers to a much earlier period when the tribe lived in the country north of the 
Missouri, in Minnesota or eastern North Dakota. The Cheyenne, when they lived in this region near 
the lakes, built houses of poles covered with mats, the poles presumably being bent together at the tops 
and tied as above described. Later, seemingly when they moved into the plains north of the Missouri, 
they built the same type of house but covered it with skins instead of mats; they also built ‘dug-outs’ 
as above described. 


332 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


this matter requires much elaboration before the presence or absence of 
such a mound can be used as a very definite factor. 

Last we come to the matter of bone and stone artifacts, and pottery.. 
Among these objects probably lies the best field for working out tribal 
occupancy of the different sites. A large amount of study, however, 
would be required to establish definitely the types of artifacts attribut- 
able to the several tribes. With a careful period of work elaborated by 
drawings and photographs, such as are given in ‘‘ The Mandans,” upon a. 
known site of each of the tribes, it seems almost certain that clear: 
differences in pottery design, shape of arrow points and bone implements, 
and quality of workmanship, could be demonstrated. Up to the present, 
however, this field of work is not open to the student. Let us hope that 
some organization may give us a definite report on at least one known site 
of each of the tribes, based upon careful excavation, so that we may 
have the much needed data for comparison. 

Steinbrueck’s List. After the above was in manuscript, there was. 
discovered in the vaults of the North Dakota Historical Society a list of 
sites with their location by section and township made by Mr. E. R. 
Steinbrueck during his connection with the Society. This has been very 
courteously placed at our service by the Curator, Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore. 
The list locates forty-two sites, all of which have been carefully compared 
with our own list, and it is found that Mr. Steinbrueck lists nine sites not. 
contained in our previous list. His list is given, herewith, numbered 
according to his system. His numbers 6, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 42 and 44. 
are not included in our list. 

Of these new sites numbers 16 and 17 are located a short distance - 
north of Fort Rice postoffice. Number 19 is located a short distance. 
northwest of the present village of Huff. 

His numbers 20 and 39 seem to be very nearly the same location _ 
unless the description is inaccurate, both approximating the Sperry site. . 

Numbers 6, 22, 44, 23 and 24 are located in a section where we had 
been unable to find any sites, that is, between the mouth of Square Butte - 
Creek and the north side of the Square Buttes, 6, 22 and 44 being very - 
close together and just north of the creek. It is possible that they have - 
been plowed up recently. 

Number 42 is located to the southwest of Mantas on Heart River - 
and coincides with information obtained by Dr. Gilbert L. Wilson from 
an old Mandan, Butterfly. Butterfly said that the Fort Lincoln and 
Motsiff sites were Mandan and that the first Hidatsa village founded was . 
up Heart River from the Motsiff site a short distance. 


1924] 


Will, Missouri Valley Archzology. 333 


In publishing Mr. Steinbrueck’s list, his numbers are given together 
with our own names for such sites as are included in our list. | 

Mr. Steinbrueck had the advantage of working at a time when there 
was little settlement over most of the region and not much plowing had 
been done. He was a careful worker and there is little doubt but what 
the additional sites which he gives were located as described. 

Mr. Steinbrueck’s list follows :— 


he 


Yd 


NW 1/2 NW 1/4 Sec. 5 and NE 1/2 NE 1/4 Sec. 6, Twp. 137, R. 80 
(Badwater). 

Partly on NE 1/4 SW 1/2 and partly on lots 3 and 4, Sec. 13, Twp. 138, R. 
81 (Fort Lincoln). 

N 1/2 and S 1/2 SW 1/4, Sec. 35, Twp. 139, R. 81 (Motsiff). 

SE 1/4, Sec. 27, Twp. 139, R. 81 (Scattered Village Site). 

Part SE 1/4 SW 1/4 and part Lot 1, Sec. 33, Twp. 140, R. 81 (Otter Creek). 

Center of S 1/ 2 Sec. 6, Twp. 140, R. 81 (a new site). 

SW 1/4, 4, Sec. 32, Twp. 148, R. 81 (Pretty Point). 

SE 1/4, 4, Sec. 30 and NE 1/4, 4, Sec. 31, Twp. 143, R. 81 (Lower Baenepys 

SW 1/4, 4, Sec. 19, Twp. 148, R. 81 (Upper Sanger). 

NE 1/: 4, Sec. 6, Twp. 1438, R. 83 (Fort Clark Town site). 

NW 1/: 4, Sec. 37, Twp. 144, R. 84 (Old Fort Clark historical village). 

Four to five miles below Fort Yates, Cheyenne. 

Two miles above Fort Yates at second Day School (Slob Town Cheyenne). 

Center of S 1/2, Sec. 10 and N 1/2, Sec. 15, Twp. 134, R. 79 (Cannonball). 

Lot 3, Sec. 14, Twp. 135, R. 79 (Fort Rice). 

E 1/2 SW 1/4, Sec. 11, Twp. 135, R. 79 (a new site). 

E 1/2 NW 1/4, Sec. 11, Twp. 135, R. 79 (a new site). 

Center N 1/2, Sec. 8 and S 1/2, Sec. 5, Twp. 136, R. 79 (Huff). 

SW 1/4, Sec. 5 and SE 1/4, Sec. 6, T. 136, R. 79 (a new site). 

NW 1/4, Sec. 14, Twp. 139, R. 81 (Boley). © 


SW 1/4, SW 1/4, Sec. 6, Twp. 140, R. 81 (a new site). 

Part NW 1/4 and part NE 1/4, Sec. 14, Twp. 141, R. 81 (a new site). 

N 1/2 SW 1/4, Sec. 14, Twp. 141, R. 81 (a new site). 

NE 1/4, Sec. 17, Twp. 142, R. 81 (Molander). 

SW 1/4, Sec. 31, Twp. 143, R. 81 (Smith). 

NE 1/4, Sec. 36, Twp. 144, R. 82 (Hensler). 

SE 1/4, Sec. 26, Twp. 144, R. 82 (Greenshield). 

SE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sec. 34, Twp. 144, R. 83 (Mandan Lake). 

Center where 6 and 7 of Sec. 16 and NE 1/4 and NW 1/4 join Sec. 21, Twp. 
144, R. 84, (Deapolis). 

S Ds 2, Sec. 17, Twp. 144, R. 83, New or meant for 84—lost site, destroyed 
by railroad. 

Sec. 33, Twp. 145, R. 84 near mouth Knife River, Stanton (Amahami). 

NE 1/4, SE 1/4, Sec. 33, Twp. 145, R. 84 (Lower Hidatsa). 

NE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sec. 33, T. 145, R. 84 (Lower Hidatsa). 

Near center, NW 1/4, Sec. 21, Twp. 145, R. 84 (Big Hidatsa). 


334 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Xi: 


36. 

37. S1/2, NE 1/4, Sec. 30, Twp. 136, R. 78 (Shermer). 

38. 

39. NW 1/4, Sec. 2, Twp. 139, R. 81 (Sperry). 

40. NE 1/4, Sec. 21, Twp. 140, R. 81 (Burgois). 

41. Part NW 1/4, Bae 9 and SE 1/4, Sec. 4, Twp. 140, R. 81 (Larson). 
42. NE1/4, NE 1/4, Sec. 33, Twp. 139, R. 81 (a new site). 

43. NW 1/4, Sec. 10, Twp. 136, R. 80 (Eagle’s Nose). 

44. Lot 7, Sec. 34, Twp. 141, Range 81 (a new site). 


SURVEY OF VILLAGE SITES IN 1919. 


In conclusion are given some details from a survey made in 1919 in 
conjunction with Dr. Spinden, a survey which included all of the known 
sites on both sides of the Missouri from the Cannonball site to the 
Burgois site. This area included all of the older sites to which but little 
attention had previously been given; none of the actual historical sites 
were visited. 

Fourteen sites were examined, and all were mapped where sufficient 
trace remained for mapping to be possible. Small representative collec- 
tions of pottery and other artifacts were sought at each site from which 
some rather interesting data have since been derived. ‘The sites visited 
were for the most part the very oldest ones which can be connected up 
with the Mandan, and which traditionally mark the earliest advent of 
that people into the region. The following list names the sites seen in 
order going upstream :— 

The Cannonball site, the Fort Rice site, the Shermer site, the Glencoe site, the 
Huff site, the Eagle’s Nose site, the Holbrook site, the Bad Water site, the Fort 
Lincoln site, the Motsiff site, the Ward Site, the Sperry site, the Boley site, the 
Burgois site. 

These sites have all been described or mentioned previously, with — 
one or two exceptions, but we shall give a brief account of them as ob- 
served on this survey, taking them up in turn. 

The Cannonball Site. (No. 14.) This site was gone over rather care- 
fully. It was found that much of the area previously supposed to belong 
to the site gave no evidence of it on close examination. Even with this 
lopping off, however, the site is a large one. It was mapped as well as 
possible, in view of the fact that part has been plowed, and all is rather 
indistinct. There is rather clear evidence of two series of house rings, 
one much more plainly marked than the other, and superposed upon it. 
The rings do not seem to be crowded even under these conditions. Some 
difficulty was experienced in getting a collection of artifacts, most being 
found in the section which was occupied by a patch of corn. This 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archxology. 300 


scarcity of artifacts may be due either to short occupancy or to extreme 
age which often operates to make finds of that sort procurable only at a 
considerable depth. Some fifty-six pieces of pottery were secured in all, 
most of which were noticeable for their coarseness and lack of ornamen- 
tation. 

The Fort Rice Site. (No. 15.) This site is at present almost indis- 
tinguishable, having been so many times plowed and seeded, a slight 
rolling of the surface being about the only evidence to show house rings. 
Pottery and artifacts were scarce, but a small collection was gotten after 
some search. All rim pieces found showed decoration and the quality 
seemed superior to that of the Cannonball site. Quite a proportion of the 
sherds were red. 

The Shermer Site. (No. 37.) This site on the east side of the river 
has been known for some time, but never described by anyone who had 
visited it. It proved to be very interesting. With the exception of a 
small corner which has been plowed and was occupied by growing corn 
at the time observed, the site is in very good condition and was easily 
mapped. It is some three miles south of Glencoe, North Dakota, in a 
rather rough country with several bad-land buttes in the vicinity, and 
far removed from general travel. The site lies on the edge of a rather 
low bench with a broad view over the river bottom to the west. It is 
bounded on the north by a shallow coulée and overshadowed on both the 
north and south by higher bluffs. This site is one of those in which 
bastions play a part in the fortifications. A wall and ditch seem to have 
surrounded the whole site except along the bench edge and the wall pro- 
jects at intervals into well made bastions. The house rings are fairly close 
together though not crowded as in some of the later sites. (Fig. 11.) The 
amount of pottery and artifacts present and easily dug up would indicate 
a rather lengthy period of occupancy, as would the depth of deposit in 
places along the bench edge. 123 potsherds were found together with a 
number of bone and stone articles. The pottery was of good quality 
with nearly all rims showing ornamentation. About one-fifth of the 
sherds were red or brown. | | 

The Glencoe Site. About two miles above the Shermer site on the 
edge of a high bluff with deep coulées both above and below, very indis- 
tinet traces of another possible site were discovered. The site has appar- 
ently been cultivated for some time. At present there are no indications 
of house rings or boundaries, except in the fading off and disappearance of 
artifacts. Doubtless this site was only a temporary one, although enough 
potsherds were found to show that it was more than a camp en route. 


336 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


The pottery seems to resemble very closely in its general characteristics 
that of the Shermer site. 

The Huff Site. (No.18). This site proved perhaps the most interesting 
of any visited, especially because it is in the very best-preserved condition 
of any of the extra ancient sites, never having been plowed or materially 
disturbed. Some of the other nearby sites may have presented as inter- 


North 
(approx) 


N 


Mh ower 
Te, wai ¥; 

fi has 
PAs es 







© ‘2 plowed ground 


XX house 
i tte 


« 
’ 


Fig. 11. Shermer Site (No. 37 on map), showing Detail of Wall and 
Ditch and of Palisaded Bluff. 


esting and unusual features, but they are now so nearly obliterated that 
it is impossible to tell. The map made showed many features which 
differentiated this site from any of the others, the most prominent 
feature being its almost perfectly rectangular shape. The rectangle 
lying along the high bluff overlooking the river is well outlined by a wall 
and ditch, still of considerable depth, with a number of regularly placed 





1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. Bot 


bastions. The river side is protected only by the very precipitous bank. 
An area of about twelve acres is enclosed within the wall, making this 
perhaps the largest enclosed site we havefound. (Fig. 12). Most of this 
site is owned by the North Dakota State Historical Society. 


cut bank Qeveur ¥o° (Jigs. 






| iO 
402 
Jo8 O of 


Ratlroad 





° loo 200 Jco ft. 
(a ee ee SS eee eee 


Fig. 12. Huff Mandan Site (No. 18). 


A coulée cuts into the bluff a short distance beyond both the north 
and south ends of the site. A bastion occurs at each corner as well as 
those at regular intervals along the three sides. Within the wall, the 
ground now is comparatively level, although the house rings are easily 


338 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


distinguishable. Apparently the site has drifted in with sand and dust, 
as very little trace of occupancy can be found without digging well down 
beneath the present sod. The house rings are spaced much further apart 
than usual and seem to be laid out more or less in lines or rows with linear 
areas that might pass for streets. Pottery found here seems to resemble 
strongly that from Fort Rice, and the Shermer and Glencoe sites, 
although it was much more difficult to find in quantities since none of the 
area had been plowed. In connection with the unusual features of this 
site, it is interesting to recall its traditional importance. Supposedly 
this is the site of the first village built by the culture-hero chief, Good 
Furred Robe, when the Mandan reached this vicinity. One Mandan tale 
relates that the site was laid out with straight lines, the houses more or 
less in rows, to imitate the laying out of a field of corn, all as directed by 
the chief. A number of the oldest stories are also connected up with this 
and the Eagle’s Nose sites. 

The Holbrook Site. (No. 46.) This site has been referred to previ- 
ously, and described some years ago in a paper for the “ Anthropologist.” 
The description at that time is as follows:— 

The site extends along the bluff about twelve hundred feet, the depth back up 
the gentle slope being about six hundred feet. A ditch ran from the north end of 
the village on the edge of the bluff in a flattened semi-circle to the south end where 
it terminated at the bluff edge which is quite steep all along here. The ditch was 
traceable for the whole distance and the larger mounds seemed to skirt the inner 
side of the ditch, with lower mounds and barely distinguishable depressions in 
the enclosed area.! 

Since the above was written all traces of mounds, ditch or rings 
have disappeared, but no great difficulty was experienced in finding a 
good collection of potsherds and other artifacts. It will be noted from 
the description above that this was a very large site which may originally 
have closely resembled that at Huff, as even when first observed long 
cultivation had destroyed most of the details of construction: 

The Eagle’s Nose Site. (No. 43.) Our next site is the unusual one of 
Eagle’s Nose on the west side of the river. This has already been de- 
scribed, and is almost directly across from the Holbrook site. Artifacts 
of any sort seemed to be pretty far below the sodded surface here and 
some trouble was experienced in getting pottery fragments; in fact what 
was found was for the most part only of the heavy, crude and lasting 


type. 


1Will, G. F., ‘Some New Missouri River Valley Sites in North Dakota” (American Anthropologist, 
N.S., vol. 12, pp. 58-60, 1910), 59. 





- 1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archxology. 339 


Bad Water Site. (No. 1.) This site on the west side is located about 
a quarter of a mile above Little Heart or Bad Water Creek of the Man- 
dan. The location ison the gentle slope of a hill which descends to 
the low bluff edge. Unfortunately it has been practically destroyed, part 
having been frequently plowed, part being occupied by a wide graded 
road, and most of the rest effaced by a wide railroad cut. About all 
that could be done was to secure a small collection of pottery and artifacts. 
Apparently this also was a site of considerable area and would have been 
very interesting for comparison with that at Huff and the Holbrook site. 
This site is mentioned frequently in Mandan traditions. 

Fort Lincoln Site. (No. 2.) About five miles further up we come to 
the well-known and important site of old Fort Abraham Lincoln. This 
has been previously described. On this occasion it was mapped, and a 
good collection was obtained. The deposits of débris are very deep here 
and long occupancy until rather more recent times than in case of the 
sites lower down is suggested by the fact that artifacts are plentiful even 
on the surface, and the ground is only partially sodded over. (Fig. 1.) 

Motsiff Site. (No. 3.) Three miles further up, and again on the 
west side is another well-preserved and apparently long occupied site. 
Some traditions give this as the seat of the Hidatsa while living in this 
area, while others call it an offshoot of the Fort Lincoln Mandan site. 
It lies on the point of a bench some thirty feet above the bottomland 
and along the base of which Heart River flows. It is cut or perhaps 
bounded on the west by a deep ravine, a point somewhat difficult to 
determine. There are traces of a wall and ditch; the house rings are 
of unusual depth; and there are a number of very large mounds scat- 
tered over the village site. This site, with the Burgois, Boley, and 
Larson sites, seems to be of a very similar type and appearance. The 
site was mapped and a good collection of pottery and artifacts found, as 
they were rather plentiful. (Fig. 13.) 

The Scattered Village Site. (No. 4.) This site is situated in the east- 
ern part of the city of Mandan, is entirely built over or occupied by 
gardens, and is practically destroyed. 

The Ward Site. (No. 47.) The next site is on the east side. It has 
already been mapped and described. Particular attention was however, 
directed to the bastion in view of the occurrence of this feature further 
down. In this case, a wall and ditch cut off a promontory of consider- 
able height and inaccessibility, these being on the east and including two 
bastions very similar to others observed. The ditch extends out onto the 
steep sides of the promontory as a sort of terrace. A good collection 


OE 
"(€ ‘ON) OIG UepuBpy HIsyoyy "ST “S31 





eae 
SEU, 
5 





Ro 


othe 
wages 


or 





wets 
nnn, 
: : 





ao 49/MoF 


1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archeology. 341 


was secured here, although it was necessary to go below the sod to find 
_anything. 

The Sperry Site. (No. 39.) Four miles further up on the same side 
is the Sperry site, located on the point of a high bluff where Burnt Creek 
enters the Missouri River bottoms. The creek flows along the east and 
north base of the bluff while the river bottoms are along the west base. 
This site differs somewhat in general appearance from others in the re- 
gion. It is rather faint in places, but appears to show a ditch and wall 
across the narrow neck of the promontory, with the ditch continued as 
a terrace for some distance along the east side. The site was mapped and 
a good collection of pottery and artifacts taken without much difficulty. 
A significant feature was the easy discovery of several glass trade beads 
upon the ant hills. This is the only site in the region in which evidence 

of contact with the whites has been found. It would serve perhaps to fix 
the site as more recent than others in the region, and renders significant 
a claim by an Arikara that it was built by his people. 

The Boley Site. (No. 5.) Almost directly across the river from the 
Sperry site is the Boley site, already described. A map was made at this 
point although part of the site is obliterated by a railroad cut. A good 
collection was also made here with great ease as pottery and artifacts 
were very plentiful. 

The Burgois Site. (No. 40.) This site has been better described and 
more frequently mapped than any of the others. Only a short time was 
spent here in getting a small collection of potsherds. 


CONCLUSION. 


In pursuing the above-described work an impression gradually grew 
up that there were two rather distinct types of sites in the region, distinct 
enough in fact so that nearly every site could be referred readily to one or 
the other group. The center for one type seems to be below the Heart 
River, with the Huff site as perhaps the best representative. The second 
type is found at and above the mouth of the Heart River altogether, 
although the lower sites seem to overlap. A basis of racial difference 
seems hardly practicable as sites of both types can, with little question, 
be attributed to the Mandan. A reasonable conclusion therefore seems 
to be that the two types must represent a difference in time and culture 
between two periods of occupation by the same tribe. This agrees well 
with the historical traditions of the Mandan, and seems a fair hypothesis 
although much longer and more detailed work would be required to 
demonstrate it fully. 


342 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXTEf, 


As to the actual differences, the descriptions and maps will give 
some of them, but unfortunately many of the very old sites were beyond 
mapping. In our pottery collections, however, there seems to be an 
opportunity for the working out of pronounced differences which seem 
to go with the two types of sites. The collections were not sufficiently: 
large to get at many differences, but one at least seems to be pretty 
clearly shown. 

The differences which we believe to be shown by a general examina- 
tion of the sites are as follows: The lower or older sites are more heavily: 
grassed over when undisturbed, artifacts are almost impossible to find 
until a thick layer of sod has been removed, whereas on the upper sites, 
the sod is thin or absent and many artifacts are present on the surface. 
In the older sites the area is much larger for the same number of house 
rings, the rings are spaced further apart, the area is more level with only 
low mounds occurring occasionally, the carefully planned wall and ditch, 
with bastions occur with the exception of the Molander site only in the 
lower territory where we find three marked examples of it with most of 
the other sites too nearly obliterated to show whether this feature was. 
present at all. The examples are the Shermer, Huff, and Ward sites: 
As to the Molander site, in many features it seems to resemble the older: 
group and it may have been built by a pioneer group from the older vil-. 
lages. The Huff site is a wonderful example of well worked out fortifica-. 
tions, and unquestionably antedates any possible white influence. In 
connection with this feature of fortified villages with bastions it is inter-. 
esting to recall Vérendrye’s descriptions of such features at the Mandan 
villages. 

As has been said, differences in pottery seem to agree with the ones, 
enumerated above. Other artifacts seem to be pretty much the same for: 
all sites and do not occur in such quantities as does the pottery. Some. 
difficulty was encountered in working out a graphic plan for showing the. 
difference in pottery as nothing but small fragments were secured fron» 
any site. However, a rather arbitrary plan of tabulation was worked 
out which seemed fairly satisfactory, and which at least brings out one 
difference very clearly. It is possible that with much larger collections a 
number of other very interesting features could be worked out. As our: 
collections varied much in numbers of pieces only broad and unmistak- 
able features could be differentiated. 

The plan used is the tabulation of all pieces from each of the differ-. 
ent sites according to a list of specific features of decoration, quality, ete.. 
The following features were selected for tabulating: the number of red 





1924.] Will, Missouri Valley Archzxology. 343. 


or brown and black pieces from each collection; the number of plain, 
unornamented rims from thin ware; the number of plain, unornamented 
rims from thick ware; the number of pieces showing exceptionally fine 
and skilful work; the number of pieces showing incised herring-bone 
pattern decorations; the number of pieces showing fingerprint ornamen- 
tation; the number showing decorative ears, knob or lugs on the rim; 
the number showing decoration by pressing something resembling a 
string of flat beads into the wet clay; the number showing a decorated 
border around the top of the pot; the number showing the rim itself 
decorated as well as the border; the number with outside and inside 
decorated border, the number showing outside and inside border and 
rim, all three decorated; the number showing the string mark decoration 
widely spaced; and the number showing these string marks spaced 
closely together. 

The table worked out from collections from the fourteen sites is 
given herewith. 























: iE g : : E 58 nd in 

Site ad ce ae q $3 a0 a0 : eo 2 0.5 ms | 8 g e — 3S 

ei 3)/2|2/88| 2) 2) €|2 |2 |oelas| Bless 

ela le |/eit | a|\al|eala ja lav lee} > [és 

Gannonpalny £1 404° 81°70) OF OF 3) O01 4) O01 AO} Bt Oy 2 
Fort Rice Pete | OO) O62 ro Or 0 8 O16 
Shermer Seow led oy) On 14 OE Toh O20 1440" S R15 
Glencoe Crease ou 2 eh | 2 8p LD ble D2 aD 
Huff Peete oe O10 1 | Oe OF 1 0 eid 
Eagle Nose ea 0s a Ba eg Ue eae hae bag © saad Se Wa eg eee ear Ran Aye 
Bad Water peas or ld) OUT a 2h 2 1 Oe Oba Oe Tt 
Holbrook Poeeoate Oo) One Oo BolT abe ered pod ee 2 1b 
Pilaneoie 146 1115 | 243° 2.1.18 | 32.116) O| 5414) 1-19 » 6 1 36 
Motsiff SCR Osi lott tS ick kek bole ee lh 2 ie Le hee 
Ward 20 {151 Perce ae TAL ioe ol ck alt ck) cape leet pe oO hak 
Sperry Peete tat (Oe 1-224 4 yO eat 1 | es ado gl Ais 
Burgois 9 | 32 11 0 0 ie i ae Sapp ad tas rs ew gag he: SBP a ce | Se 
Boley Peo erae Sot 7D )835 96 1 ATA fe 2 eA eg 





String ornamentation is, of course, the predominating method used 
in this region and hence most of our differentiation is based upon 
variations in that feature. A glance at the table shows that the 
single feature which shows marked and certain differences between sites 
is that of widely or closely spaced string-mark lines. Not only is this 


344 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, 


difference pronounced between sites, but also between groups of sites 
which coincide with the groups as determined by other data. The sites 
grouped as the lower and older are the Cannonball, Fort Rice, Shermer, 
Glencoe, Huff, Eagle’s Nose, Bad Water, Holbrookand Ward. The later 
or upper sites are Ft. Lincoln, Motsiff, Boley, Sperry, and Burgois. 

The figures from the table demonstrate that all of the older sites 
have a very heavy proportion of the pottery with string marks with 
the lines widely spaced on the pot surface. On the other hand, we 
find the preponderance of pottery showing the narrowly spaced lines to 
be almost as great in the newer group of sites. The Holbrook and Ward 


sites, uppermost, and presumably latest of the older group seem to show 


more or less of a transition, the Holbrook site showing seven wide and 
nine narrow, the Ward showing thirty-one wide and fifteen narrow. 
Larger collections might change indications in the case of these two but 
could hardly be expected to do so in the cases of most of the other sites. 
Incidentally it must be noted that the Sperry site, indicated by some 
evidence as the youngest site, shows the greatest preponderance of the 
closely spaced line pieces. 


An approximate total of the pieces in the collection from each site — 


may be obtained by adding the number of red or brown and black pieces 
for each site. 


| 





y° 
oo 


Ley ji 
te 


\ 


bacco Cr: 
we Garp 


To 








30! 


—— 















—_ = 
Index VI. 
MIS SOURI RIVER - 100°00' 
en 30° 101°00' 30’ ou es 
30’ 102°00’ 48°00 ; e 
We % 
\ 
xe 5 
e er y 
WHITE Eapr, \ 
a ate *\ 
\wE) % 
(SEY x 
\ 
\ %, 
% 
; pa ‘ 
. oe 






CE) 


wr, : 
hee RA ET ES oe Xe 
Serge 


LITTLE HEART BUTTE 














Be Ye \ 
\ rl t 
\ : : 1s 
BN ee Scale, 8 miles tolinch | soetaso| 
\ . 
se 4 10,000 0 50 100 150 200,000 Feet. 
N e ae mE or SS ae 
\ ele 10 10 20 30 40 Miles. o- 
\ 
a 
wea \ 
ee ; aN 
et 103°00' 47°00' 30’ 102°00' 30’ 30’ 101°00’ 
Published by the Missouri River Commission. Drawn by K.A.Widén 
1894. 


Fig. 14. Archaeological Sites along the Missouri River. 
(The numbers refer to the text.) 






§ 


ra gas ind oe 
‘ uv > ab) ee on 
a Se Mw Toa 


ee a RR ge et aC HtingeENe dha” Yh ~<ery ee rey a at i Ca Tall 7 - A aimed ae cet 


to 
ities oe 
Ph oly Cary ene 85s gin ite gsta hte ee Ende iitbd-ke rarer nent ; pA h TR TCRT gy tem eb rele 
, . 
A 7 


J 








“ 
’ 4 7 
a 
va 
4 ~- 
3 TP he a 
oa ; a 
7 ; 
; 5 
‘© 
RS 4 
. by 
i 
7 . 7 
4 \d 
Up. *. a" fa 
7 ‘ art’ f 
a ”" oe r 
ad 4 « 4 
y 
. 3 
» 
\ 
2 
5 * tw a - 
“ OF ary agate er ape dhe otmeem® bettie Bane 











